出生于書香門第的孩子帶著書卷氣,我們說那是因?yàn)閺男『粑鴷阄秲耗?;出生于藝術(shù)家庭的孩子才藝出眾,我們說那是因?yàn)閺男《勀咳灸?;如果有另一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為此間種種不過是遺傳所致,而家庭影響實(shí)為有限,你會感到驚訝嗎?
由此引申出的思考 --- 父母的言傳身教和家庭氛圍對孩子的影響到底有多大呢?當(dāng)孩子面對一個熱衷考級、追捧分?jǐn)?shù)的社會之時,父母在家中為孩子打造一個避風(fēng)港,并對孩子說:“孩子,你慢慢來?!?,真能奏效嗎?英語中一直有一個說法,"It takes a village to raise a child.",顯然家庭的影響力鞭長莫及,那么學(xué)校就是孩子成長的village了。學(xué)校對孩子的影響超過了家庭。
以下節(jié)選自《引爆點(diǎn)》,雖然有中文掃描版的PDF,但是目前無法轉(zhuǎn)為word 或者txt格式放上來和大家分享,只能先摘錄原版英語段落。如果哪位大蝦MM可以幫忙轉(zhuǎn)換格式,以便更多的父母閱讀參考,請發(fā)站內(nèi)信給我。
很多時候,這些有違常識和挑戰(zhàn)直覺的觀點(diǎn)討論無關(guān)乎對錯,只為給我們提供一個新的思考緯度。
重點(diǎn)摘錄:
The Colorado study isn’t saying that genes explain everything and that environment doesn’t matter. On the contrary, all of the results strongly suggest that our environment plays as big—if not bigger—a role as heredity in shaping personality and intelligence. What it is saying is that whatever that environmental influence is, it doesn’t have a lot to do with parents. It’s something else, and what Judith Harris argues is that that something else is the influence of peers.
詳細(xì)摘錄:
Parents are powerfully invested in the idea that they can shape their children’s personalities and behavior. But, as Judith Harris brilliantly argued in her 1998 book The Nurture Assumption, the evidence for this belief is sorely lacking. Consider, for example “the results of efforts undertaken by psychologists over the years to try and measure this very question—the effect parents have on their children. Obviously, they pass on genes to their offspring, and genes play a big role in who we are. Parents provide love and affection in the early years of childhood; deprived of early emotional sustenance, children will be irreparably harmed. Parents provide food and a home and protection and the basics of everyday life that children need to be safe and healthy and happy. This much is easy. But does it make a lasting difference to the personality of your child if you are an anxious and inexperienced parent, as opposed to being authoritative and competent? Are you more likely to create intellectually curious children by filling your house with books? Does it affect your child’s personality if you see him or her two hours a day, as opposed to eight hours a day? In other words, does the specific social environment that we create in our homes make a real difference in the way our children end up as adults? In a series of large and well designed studies of twins—particularly twins separated “birth and reared apart—geneticists have shown that most of the character traits that make us who we are—friendliness, extroversion, nervousness, openness, and so on—are about half determined by our genes and half determined by our environment, and the assumption has always been that this environment that makes such a big difference in our lives is the environment of the home. The problem is, however, that whenever psychologists have set out to look for this nurture effect, they can’t find it.
One of the largest and most rigorous studies of this kind, for example, is known as the Colorado Adoption Project. In the mid 1970s, a group of researchers at the University of Colorado led by Robert Plomin, one of the world’s leading behavioral geneticists, recruited 245 pregnant women from the Denver area who were about to give up their children for adoption. They then followed the children into their new homes, giving them a battery of personality and intelligence tests at regular intervals throughout their childhood and giving the same sets of tests to their adoptive parents. For the sake of comparison, the group also ran the same set of tests on a similar group of 245 parents and their biological children. For this comparison group, the results came out pretty much as one might expect. On things like measures of intellectual ability and certain aspects of personality, the biological children are fairly similar to their parents. For the adopted kids, however, the results are downright strange. Their scores have nothing whatsoever in common with their adoptive parents: these children are no more similar in their personality or intellectual skills to the people who raised them, fed them, clothed them, read to them, taught them, and loved them for sixteen years than they are to any two adults taken at random offthe street.
This is, if you think about it, a rather extraordinary finding. Most of us believe that we are like our parents because of some combination of genes and, more important, of nurture—that parents, to a large extent, raise us in their own image. But if that is the case, if nurture matters so much, then why did the adopted kids not resemble their adoptive parents at all? The Colorado study isn’t saying that genes explain everything and that environment doesn’t matter. On the contrary, all of the results strongly suggest that our environment plays as big—if not bigger—a role as heredity in shaping personality and intelligence. What it is saying is that whatever that environmental influence is, it doesn’t have a lot to do with parents. It’s something else, and what Judith Harris argues is that that something else is the influence of peers.
Why, Harris asks, do the children of recent immigrants almost never retain the accent of their parents? How is it the children of deaf parents manage to learn how to speak as well and as quickly as children whose parents speak to them from the day they were born? The answer has always been that language is a skill acquired laterally—that what children pick up from other children is as, or more, important in the acquisition of language as what they pick up at home. What Harris argues is that this is also true more generally, that the environmental influence that helps children become who they are—that shapes their character and personality—is their peer group. This argument has, understandably, sparked a great deal of controversy in the popular press. There are legitimate arguments about where—and how far—it can be applied. But there’s no question that it has a great deal of relevance to the teenage smoking issue. The children of smokers are more than twice as likely to smoke as the children of nonsmokers. That’s a well known fact. But—to follow Harris’s logic—that does not mean that parents who smoke around their children set an example that their kids follow. It simply means that smokers’ children have inherited genes from their parents that predispose them toward nicotine addiction. Indeed studies of adopted children have shown that those raised by smokers are no more likely to end up as smokers themselves than those raised by nonsmokers.In other words, effects of rearing variation (e.g. parents’ lighting up or not, or having cigarettes in the home or not) were essentially nil by the time the children reached adulthood,” the psychologist David Rowe writes in his 1994 book summarizing research on the question, The Limits of Family Influence. “The role of parents is a passive one—providing a set of genes at loci relevant to smoking risk, but not socially influencing their offspring.