昨天的發(fā)文“美國(guó)老師怎么表?yè)P(yáng)學(xué)生?”,得到了很多朋友的鼓勵(lì)和關(guān)注,今天一鼓作氣又寫一篇,顛顛滴跑來(lái)根據(jù)地和大家分享。有興趣的童鞋記得關(guān)注我和“家有二小”的微信公眾號(hào) “twoplusfour”.
http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5ODUzODg5Ng==∣=200891230&idx=1&sn=73cf8df46567648330a0ed0b5aa9e62c#rd
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美國(guó)老師表?yè)P(yáng)條里的秘密!
先來(lái)回答上篇的問題,美國(guó)老師是怎么把表?yè)P(yáng)條發(fā)到學(xué)生手里的呢? 這要分四步走!第一步,老師上課宣讀表?yè)P(yáng)內(nèi)容,得到表?yè)P(yáng)的孩子上臺(tái)和老師握手接過表?yè)P(yáng)條,在全班的鼓掌聲中回到座位。第二步, 在每周一次的年級(jí)例會(huì)上(整個(gè)年級(jí)的孩子列隊(duì)站在長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)走廊兩邊),老師再次宣讀表?yè)P(yáng)條,得到表?yè)P(yáng)條的孩子從走廊一頭走到另一頭,接受全年級(jí)孩子和老師的夾道鼓掌。第三步,表?yè)P(yáng)條會(huì)貼在學(xué)校最顯眼處的墻上一周。第四步,得表?yè)P(yáng)條孩子可以連著一個(gè)星期排在班級(jí)隊(duì)伍的最前面進(jìn)食堂吃飯。這第四步我覺得安排得很秒,畢竟第一個(gè)吃到飯對(duì)孩子來(lái)說(shuō)絕對(duì)是有吸引力的。走好這四步,也可謂是精神,物質(zhì)兩手都抓好啦!
這么多表?yè)P(yáng)條看似五花八門,但仔細(xì)分析一下,還是發(fā)現(xiàn)秘密啦!老師們的表?yè)P(yáng)大多是針對(duì)孩子的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度和努力程度,而不只是對(duì)孩子們進(jìn)行智力方面的簡(jiǎn)單肯定。這個(gè)秘密是有理論依據(jù)的。美國(guó)哈弗大學(xué)心理學(xué)教授Carol Dweck在1999 年 提 出 了entity theory 和 incremental theory理論 。當(dāng)學(xué)生認(rèn)為智力是不可變的時(shí)候(entity theory ), 在他們碰到學(xué)習(xí)上的困難時(shí),他們就會(huì)退縮,容易輕易放棄,最終導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)節(jié)節(jié)潰敗。相反,當(dāng)學(xué)生認(rèn)為智力是可以通過自己的努力提升的時(shí)候(incremental theory), 他們會(huì)愿意付出更多的“汗水”來(lái)接受學(xué)習(xí)上的挑戰(zhàn)。這種態(tài)度也能提高學(xué)生面對(duì)其他困境的能力,通俗點(diǎn)講就是面對(duì)困難的“反彈力”。
2007年美國(guó)伊利諾斯大學(xué)教授Cimpian,設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)木偶畫畫實(shí)驗(yàn),進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了Dweck教授的理論。這是一個(gè)淺顯易懂的實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)比效果卻很明顯。這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中巧妙設(shè)計(jì)的鼓勵(lì)孩子的話語(yǔ),對(duì)我們家長(zhǎng)以后怎么表?yè)P(yáng)孩子有很好的啟發(fā)。對(duì)此實(shí)驗(yàn)感興趣的話,且聽我下回細(xì)說(shuō)。對(duì)了,上篇答應(yīng)和大家分享表?yè)P(yáng)條在家庭中的使用,小貝沒忘記哦,表?yè)P(yáng)條們皺皺巴巴的,正壓箱底恢復(fù)“元?dú)狻敝?。咋回事??qǐng)輕點(diǎn)標(biāo)題下方的微信號(hào)“二加四”進(jìn)行關(guān)注。
以下E文是Dweck教授的entity theory and incremental theory理論簡(jiǎn)易版,給喜歡原味的朋友參考。
When students hold the belief that intelligence is unchangeable (called the “entity theory”), it leads to withdrawal of effort and avoidance of challenges. Students with an entity theory of self are more likely to exhibit academic withdrawal and alienation, and decreased engagement with learning—all of which lead to lower achievement.
In contrast, when students believe that intelligence can be increased through their own efforts (called the “incremental theory” of self), it leads to increased effort and the desire to seek out challenges. The incremental theory of self is associated with the development of self-efficacy and resilience, which are important in all facets of life. “Incremental” self-theories lead to increased resilience in the face of difficulties and setbacks, and to higher academic achievement.
Offering praise for students’ work and efforts can alter this mindset so that students can begin to view their own intelligence as something that can be developed. This mind-set of developing intelligence will increase students’ ability to “bounce back” in the face of academic setbacks and other difficulties.