1. 練習(xí)步驟
? 本節(jié)涵蓋了你在彈琴前至少需要的一系列指導(dǎo)。
1.練習(xí)步驟
很多鋼琴學(xué)習(xí)者是按照以下的步驟來練習(xí)的::
(a) 首先,彈奏音階或做一些技巧性練習(xí),直到手指活動開來。若時間足夠,像這樣持續(xù)練習(xí)30分鐘或以上,以便通過特別是哈農(nóng)系列這類的練習(xí)來提高技巧。
(b) 然后拿起一首新的樂曲,慢慢讀譜一到兩頁,從曲子最開頭仔細(xì)地雙手合奏。重復(fù)進(jìn)行這種慢練直到演奏得比較熟練,此后逐漸加速直至達(dá)到最終速度。在這個逐漸加速的過程中可能會用到節(jié)拍器。
(c) 在兩個小時練習(xí)的最后階段,這些鋼琴學(xué)習(xí)者已經(jīng)運(yùn)指如飛,想彈多快就能彈多快,并且享受著彈琴結(jié)束前的體驗(yàn)。畢竟他們已經(jīng)彈煩了,而現(xiàn)在能夠從容、高速、隨心所欲——是時候享受音樂啦!
(d) 一旦這首樂曲能夠彈得令人滿意,他們就把它背下來并練習(xí)直到這音樂盡在“掌中”。
(e) 在演奏會當(dāng)天或回課之日,用要求(或更快)的速度盡可能多次地彈奏這首樂曲,以便確保達(dá)到彈奏該曲的最佳狀態(tài)。這可是最后的機(jī)會啦,顯然練得越多越好。
上述步驟中每一步都是錯誤的! 以上所說的練琴方法幾乎肯定會使得學(xué)習(xí)者在達(dá)到中等水平之后再也無法取得進(jìn)步,盡管他們每天練習(xí)長達(dá)數(shù)個小時。例如,該方法絕口未提學(xué)習(xí)者在遇到無法通過的一段音樂時該如何去做,他們僅僅是不斷重復(fù),有時會重復(fù)終生,卻無從得知何時或怎樣才能得到所需要的技術(shù)。這樣其實(shí)是完完全全地把學(xué)習(xí)彈奏的任務(wù)留給了學(xué)習(xí)者。此外,這樣練習(xí)出來的音樂在演奏中將平淡無味,意想不到的岔子幾乎是不可避免會出現(xiàn)的。等你讀了下面講到的更有效的方法后,你就會明白所有這些。
無法取得進(jìn)步是如許多學(xué)習(xí)者放棄鋼琴的主要原因。鋼琴學(xué)習(xí)者,尤其是少年人,是很聰明的,卻為什么彈起鋼琴來如同奴隸辛苦勞作一般而毫無所得呢?若能使學(xué)習(xí)者學(xué)有所獲,他們一定會全力以赴,超過任何教師的期望。你可能是位醫(yī)生、科學(xué)家、律師、運(yùn)動員、或者任何你想成為的人,并且同時還是一位優(yōu)秀的鋼琴家。這是因?yàn)橛行┓椒苁鼓憧焖佾@得彈琴技巧,就如我們即將看到的那樣。
注意:上述練琴步驟是一種‘直覺’(或‘本能’)練琴法。如果一個中等智力的人連同一架鋼琴被放逐在一個島上,他決定開始彈琴的話,很有可能會設(shè)計(jì)出如上所述的練琴步驟。這就是說,按照此法教學(xué)的教師壓根沒有教授任何東西——這方法是人憑直覺便有的。我最初開始編寫本書中提到的“正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法”時,著實(shí)驚訝于這方法是多么的有悖常理。后面我會解釋為何這些方法是如此的不合常理,但是這也給了我們一個最好的解釋,就是為什么如許多的教師會采用直覺的方法。這些教師從來沒有學(xué)習(xí)過正確的方法,因而自然而然地就傾向于直覺方法了。與直覺相反的方法最大的麻煩就是它們比直覺法更難采用,因?yàn)槟愕拇竽X會時不時地告訴你,這樣是不對的,要你回到依賴直覺的方法。大腦發(fā)出的這種指令在回課前或演奏會舉行前會變得很難抗拒——千萬不要再演奏會那天練習(xí)過度!年輕學(xué)生的練琴步驟不光會受到自己或教師的影響,還會受到父母或那些好心的朋友的影響。不懂行的父母總是會迫使孩子用直覺的方法來練琴。這也是為什么好老師總會要求父母陪同孩子一起來上琴課的原因之一。假如父母不懂行,他們非常有可能會迫使學(xué)生采用與老師的指導(dǎo)完全相悖的方法。
那些從頭開始就采用正確練琴方法的學(xué)生顯然是幸運(yùn)的。但是即使老師沒有教給他們錯誤的方法,他們在以后的日子里也必須要時時警惕。一旦離開了老師,他們可能會陷入直覺法而且茫然不知為何事情突然變得糟糕。就好比一只從來沒見過陷阱的熊,隨時都會被抓住。這些‘幸運(yùn)’兒也不會教學(xué),因?yàn)樗麄兛赡懿恢涝S多直覺法會導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難。反之,那些顯然‘不夠幸運(yùn)’的學(xué)生,如果先學(xué)了直覺法而后改用了更好的方法,那么他們得到的收效將是出人意料地好。他們了解正確的和錯誤的兩種方法因而常常會成為更好的教師。因此,盡管本書教的是正確的方法,但是了解不該怎樣做和為什么不該那樣做,是同等重要的。這就是為什么我們要在這里詳細(xì)地討論那些常常被采用的錯誤方法的原因了。
我們將在下面的章節(jié)中描述正確練琴方法的各個要素,基本上這些要素是按照學(xué)習(xí)者從頭至尾練習(xí)一曲音樂時的次序來呈現(xiàn)的。初學(xué)者請先參考III.18
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很多學(xué)生都采用以下的練習(xí)步驟:
(1)先練音階或技巧練習(xí)直至手指變得靈活。如果有時間的活,繼續(xù)練習(xí)三十分鐘或以上,以發(fā)展技巧,特別是采用如Hanon系列的練習(xí)曲。
(2)然后慢慢地從頭彈奏一首新曲子的一或兩頁,小心地雙手彈奏。這樣地重復(fù)直至流暢,便逐漸加快至最終的速度。逐漸加快時可能利用節(jié)拍器。
(3)經(jīng)過兩個小時的練習(xí),手指在鍵盤上飛奔著,學(xué)生可以盡情快速地彈奏而享受這經(jīng)驗(yàn)。畢竟他們已不想再練習(xí)了,他們只想放松,盡情快速地彈奏。這是享受曲子的時候呀!
(4)上課或演奏當(dāng)天,他們以正確(或更快)的速度練習(xí)那曲子,盡量多練幾遍,確定滾瓜爛熟,保持最佳狀態(tài)。這是最后沖刺,當(dāng)然練得越多越好。
這個方法的每一個步驟都是錯的!這樣差不多可以肯定,就算學(xué)生每天練習(xí)數(shù)個小時,也不會超越中級的水平。你看到以下所提出更有效的方法你就會明白。舉個例子,以上的方法除了要求學(xué)生不斷重復(fù)之外,并沒有在學(xué)生碰到困難時提出任何的解決方法。他們只好不斷的重復(fù),完全不知道何時或怎樣去發(fā)展所需的技巧。此方法把學(xué)習(xí)鋼琴的任務(wù)全交給了學(xué)生。而且,演奏時音樂不會有起伏,意外的失誤也幾乎是難免的。這個部分的課會證明為什么以上的步驟不對。你會明白為什么演奏的效果是沉悶的,而為什么錯誤的方法會導(dǎo)致失誤。最重要的是,你會學(xué)到正確的方法!
許多學(xué)生放棄學(xué)習(xí)鋼琴的主要原因是因?yàn)槿狈M(jìn)展。學(xué)生們,尤其是年輕的學(xué)生,都很聰明。如果什么也學(xué)不到,干嗎要那么辛苦呢?獎勵他們,他們就會埋頭苦干,那不就是每個老師夢寐以求的嗎?你可以是醫(yī)生,科學(xué)家,或運(yùn)動員,但同時亦可以成為優(yōu)秀的鋼琴家。因?yàn)槟銓l(fā)現(xiàn)這里的方法可讓你不用花太多時間就可以擁有技巧。
以上的練習(xí)程序是憑直覺的方法。一個智力正常的人如果被困于只有一臺鋼琴的小島上,如果他決定練習(xí)的話,就可能會想出類似的方法。一個老師如果采用這種程序根本就不是在教授學(xué)習(xí)的方法,那只是一個直覺的方法。最初當(dāng)我為這本書收集正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法時,我發(fā)覺到這些方法大部分都是違反直覺的。以后我會再加解釋。這些老師根本不懂正確的方法,自然會回到直覺的方法。采用反直覺方法的困難是你的腦子會不停地提醒你這些方法是不對的,讓你回到直覺的方法去。這個信息在上琴課或表演之前會變得特別難以抗拒,試試叫學(xué)生在停止練習(xí)之前不要享受彈奏他們完成練習(xí)的曲子,或在表演之前不要快速地練習(xí)。其實(shí)不只是學(xué)生或老師,熱心的父母或朋友也有可能影響年輕學(xué)生的練習(xí)程序。不知情的父母通常都這會強(qiáng)迫他們的子女采用直覺的方法。這是為什么好的老師都要求家長陪同他們的子女一起上課。如果不讓家長知道,那么他們肯定會強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生采用一些違背老師指示的方法。
那些一開始就采取正確方法的學(xué)生顯然是幸運(yùn)的。但是他們?nèi)蘸蟊仨毿⌒?,因?yàn)樗麄儾粫缘檬裁词清e誤的方法。他們一旦離開老師,就可能誤打誤撞地用上了直覺的方法,然后不明白為什么他們的彈奏會變得那么糟糕。這就像一只從未遇上過陷阱的大熊,哪能不掉下去呢?這些幸運(yùn)的學(xué)生也不能當(dāng)老師。對他們來說,正確的方法是理所當(dāng)然的。他們不會明白為什么別人會采用其他的方法。他們不了解正確的方法是需要學(xué)習(xí)的,而很多直覺的方法會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的后果。理所當(dāng)然的事很難說明,因?yàn)槟鞘遣唤?jīng)思考的。講中文不難,可是當(dāng)你要教一個日本人講中文的時候,你就會覺得困難。反過來說,那些不幸的學(xué)生,他們從直覺的方法再轉(zhuǎn)到正確的方法,其實(shí)是有意外的優(yōu)勢。他們同時知道正確的與錯誤的方法,使他們成為比較好的老師。所以,雖然這課講解正確的方法,但知道什么不該做與為什么不該做也同樣重要。所以這里也會詳細(xì)討論常見的錯誤方法,以加深對正確方法的了解。
以下的幾段將會介紹正確練習(xí)程序的各部分。學(xué)生可以跟著介紹的步驟來完成練習(xí)一首新的曲子。第一至四段是初步概念,從第五段開始就是本書的新概念。
英文翻譯編輯本段回目錄This section contains the minimum set of instructions that you need before starting practice.
1. The Practice Routine
Many students use the following practice routine:
(a) First, practice scales or technical exercises until the fingers are limbered up. Continue this for 30 minutes or longer if you have time, to improve technique especially by using exercises such as the Hanon series.
(b) Then take a new piece of music and slowly read it for a page or two, carefully playing both hands together, starting from the beginning. This slow play is repeated until it can be performed reasonably well and then it is gradually speeded up until the final speed is attained. A metronome might be used for this gradual speed-up.
(c) At the end of a two hour practice, the fingers are flying, so the students can play as fast as they want and enjoy the experience before quitting. After all, they are tired of practicing so that they can relax, play their hearts out at full speed; this is the time to enjoy the music!
(d) Once the piece can be played satisfactorily, memorize it and practice “until the music is in the hands”.
(e) On the day of the recital or lesson, practice the piece at correct speed (or faster!) as many times as possible in order to make sure that it is in top condition. This is the last chance; obviously, the more practice, the better.
EVERY STEP OF THIS PROCEDURE IS WRONG! The above will almost guarantee that the students will not progress beyond intermediate level even if they practice several hours daily. For example, this method tells the students nothing about what to do when they hit an impossible passage except to keep repeating, sometimes for a lifetime, with no clear idea of when or how the needed technique will be acquired. This method leaves the task of learning to play the piano completely to the student. Moreover, the music will come out flat during the recital and unexpected flubs will be almost unavoidable. You will understand all this as soon as you read about the more efficient methods described below.
Lack of progress is the main reason why so many students quit piano. Students, especially youngsters, are smart; why work like a slave and learn nothing? Reward the students and you will get more dedication than any teacher could want. You can be a doctor, scientist, lawyer, athlete, or anything you want, and still become a good pianist. This is because there are methods that let you acquire technique quickly, as we shall soon see.
Note that the above practice routine is an "intuitive" (or “instinctive”) method. If a person of average intelligence were marooned on an island with a piano and decided to practice, that person would most likely devise a practice method like the one above. That is, a teacher teaching this type of practice routine isn't teaching anything -- the method is intuitive. When I first started to compile the "correct learning procedures" of this book, I was struck most by how counter-intuitive many of them were. I will explain later why they are so counter-intuitive but this offers the best explanation for why so many teachers use the intuitive approach. These teachers never learned the correct methods and therefore gravitated naturally to the intuitive methods. The trouble with counter-intuitive methods is that they are harder to adopt than intuitive ones; your brain is constantly telling you that they are not right and to get back to the intuitive ones. This message from the brain can become irresistible just before a lesson or recital -- try telling (uninformed) students not to enjoy playing their finished pieces before quitting practice, or not to over-practice on recital day! It is not only the students or teachers. It is also any parents or friends with good intentions that influence the practice routines of young students. Parents who are not informed will always force their children to use the intuitive methods. This is one reason why good teachers always ask parents to accompany their children to the lessons. If the parents are not informed, there is a virtual guarantee that they will force the students to use methods that are in direct contradiction to the teacher's instructions.
Students who started with the correct methods from the beginning are the “apparently lucky” ones. However, they must be careful later in life if they weren’t taught what the wrong methods are. Once they leave the teacher, they can stumble into the intuitive methods and have no idea why everything is suddenly falling apart. It's like a bear that had never seen a bear trap -- it gets caught every time. These “l(fā)ucky” ones often can't teach either, because they may not know that many intuitive methods can lead to disaster. On the other hand, the apparently “unlucky” students who first learned the intuitive methods and then changed over to the better ones have some unexpected advantages. They know both the right and wrong methods and often make much better teachers. Therefore, although this book teaches the correct methods, it is equally important to know what NOT to do, and why. This is why the most frequently used wrong methods are extensively discussed here.
We describe the components of a proper practice routine in the following sections. They are presented in approximately the order in which a student might use them from start to finish of a new piece of music. Beginners please read section III.18 first.
2. 手型
五指的位置
五指放松,手如置于平面之上,指尖放于琴鍵表面,手腕與手指末端關(guān)節(jié)同高。手與手指狀如拱頂。手指彎曲,大指略指向下且微彎向其他手指——大指末端(指甲)與其他手指平行(從上面看)。大指微微向內(nèi)彎曲,在彈奏大跨度的和弦時尤為有用。這使得大指指尖與琴鍵平行,不易誤碰旁邊的琴鍵。這樣也好確定大指起落的方向,使它的抬起落下由正確的肌肉群帶動。手指微曲,彎向下方,以近45度的角度接觸琴鍵。彎曲的狀態(tài)使手指得以在黑鍵之間彈奏。五指的指尖應(yīng)當(dāng)在平面上近似形成一個半圓。如果你雙手并排這樣放好,那么兩個大指的指甲應(yīng)當(dāng)是相對的。用大指指甲正下方的部位彈奏,而不要用兩段指骨之間的連接處來彈。大指已經(jīng)夠短的了,因此要用指尖來彈,好和其他手指達(dá)到最大程度上的一致。其他的手指呢,由于指尖的皮膚緊貼指骨,而指尖前方的肉墊(與指甲相對)肌肉厚實(shí)一些,所以要用這肉墊而不是指尖來觸鍵。
這是起始前手的位置。一旦開始彈奏,你可能會因?yàn)閺椬嗖煌囊魳范枰扉L手指幾近直線,或者更為彎曲。因此,盡管初學(xué)者必須要學(xué)習(xí)理想的彎曲狀態(tài),但是嚴(yán)格地恪守彎曲的手型是不正確的;這個我們在隨后的細(xì)節(jié)中,特別是當(dāng)彎曲的手型會帶來極大的不利時,會討論到。
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每個人對五指的位置都有不同的見解,顯然這方面沒有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則。唯一的指引就是五指的位置應(yīng)該是最放松,最有力的位置。首先緊握雙手,然后放開盡量伸展。把手指完全放松,讓指尖都放在一個平面上,手腕跟指節(jié)(手指最靠近手掌的關(guān)節(jié))同高。手指跟手掌應(yīng)該呈圓頂狀。所有手指都是彎曲的,拇指應(yīng)微微指向下,并稍微彎向其它手指,因此拇指的最后一節(jié)是與其它手指平行的。當(dāng)彈奏大跨距的和弦時,保持拇指向內(nèi)微彎至為重要。保持拇指最后一節(jié)與琴鍵平行,會減少碰觸到鄰近琴鍵的機(jī)會。拇指保持著這個姿勢才可以確定在抬起與放下時,運(yùn)用正確的肌肉。其它手指都是微彎,于近45度的位置觸鍵。這個姿勢可讓手指能夠在黑鍵之間彈奏。手指的指尖在觸鍵時略呈半圓形。這是一個良好的起奏手型。你可以依照自己的彈奏風(fēng)格加以修改。如果你將兩手并排在琴鍵上,兩手拇指的指甲應(yīng)該是面對面的。用拇指指甲下方的肌肉來彈奏,并不是用關(guān)節(jié)。至于其它手指,骨頭離指尖的外皮很近。在指尖底下(遠(yuǎn)離指甲的另一邊)的指肉稍微厚一點(diǎn)。應(yīng)用這個部位觸鍵,而不是用指尖。
這個起奏手型只是一個建議。當(dāng)你開始彈奏,這些規(guī)則立刻就不適用了。視乎你彈奏的曲子,也許你要把手指伸展得很直,或者把它們彎曲更多。
英文原文編輯本段回目錄2. Finger Positions
Relax the fingers and place your hand on a flat surface with all the fingertips resting on the surface and the wrist at the same height as the knuckles. The hand and fingers should form a dome. All the fingers should be curved. The thumb should point slightly down and bend slightly towards the fingers so that the last (nail) phalange of the thumb is parallel to the other fingers (viewed from above). This slight inward bend of the thumb is useful when playing chords with wide spans. It positions the tip of the thumb parallel to the keys making it less likely to hit adjacent keys. It also orients the thumb so that the correct muscles are used to raise and lower it. The fingers are slightly curled, curving down and meeting the surface at angles near 45 degrees. This curled configuration allows the fingers to play between the black keys. The tip of the thumb and the other fingertips should form an approximate semicircle on the flat surface. If you do this with both hands side by side, the two thumbnails should be facing each other. Use the part of the thumb directly below the thumbnails to play, not the joint between the nail phalange and the middle phalange. The thumb is already too short; therefore, play with its tip for maximum uniformity with all the fingers. For the other fingers, the bone comes close to the skin at the fingertips. At the front pad of the fingertip (opposite the fingernail), the flesh is thicker. This front pad should contact the keys, not the fingertip.
This is the starting position. Once you begin play, you may need to stretch the fingers almost straight, or curl them more, depending on what you are playing. Therefore, although the beginner must learn the ideal curled position, strict adherence to a fixed curled configuration is not correct; this will be discussed in detail later on, especially because the curled position has significant disadvantages.
3.琴凳高度和琴凳與鋼琴的距離
正確的琴凳高度以及它與鋼琴之間的距離也是因人而異的。比較好的開端是,坐在琴凳上,雙肘至于身體兩側(cè),前臂直指鋼琴。雙手放在琴鍵上如彈奏狀,此時雙肘應(yīng)略低于手,與琴鍵同高。 現(xiàn)在把手放在白鍵上——琴凳(你坐的位置)與鋼琴的距離應(yīng)該是你雙肘向內(nèi)側(cè)移動時恰好能與身體錯開。不要坐在琴凳中間,要坐在靠前的位置,這樣雙腳就能夠踏實(shí)地踩在地上或是踏板上。琴凳的高度和位置在彈奏響亮的和弦時最為關(guān)鍵。因而,你可以盡可能大聲地同時彈下兩個黑鍵和弦以檢驗(yàn)位置是否合適。左手彈和弦C2#G2#C3# (5,2,1),右手彈C5#G5#C6# (1,2,5)。身體略向前傾,用臂和肩的全部重量,大力彈下,發(fā)出強(qiáng)勁、果斷的聲音。要確保雙肩完全參與其中,因?yàn)轫懥恋?、震撼的聲音僅僅用雙手和前臂是無法彈出的,力量必須來自于肩乃至于全身。如果這樣彈奏時是舒適的,那么琴凳的位置與坐姿就是正確的了。過去曾經(jīng)有這么一種趨勢,教師讓學(xué)生坐得太高,故而琴凳的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高度或者默認(rèn)高度一般會高上一兩英寸,這樣一來,學(xué)生就是不用手指端的肉墊而是用手指尖來彈了。因此有一個可調(diào)式琴凳是非常重要的。
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琴凳高度和琴凳與琴之間的距離是個人的喜好。以下的方法可以給你提供一個好的起點(diǎn)。坐在琴凳上,手肘放在身旁,前臂與琴鍵平行。當(dāng)雙手置于鍵盤時,手肘應(yīng)與琴鍵同高。雙手放在白鍵上的位置,應(yīng)該是可以把兩手肘彼此移近而剛好在身前擦過,那么凳子與鋼琴之間的距離(以及坐姿)就是適當(dāng)。不要坐在凳子的正中央,要稍微靠向前端。凳子的高度與距離對彈奏強(qiáng)音和弦極為重要。因此,你可以盡量大聲地,同時彈奏兩個都在黑鍵上的和弦,來測試你的位置是否適當(dāng)。這兩個和弦是:左手彈C2#, G2#, C3#(5,2,1); 右手彈C5#, G5#, C6# (1,2,5)。身體略前傾,用整個手臂與肩膀的力量按出雷鳴般,有權(quán)威性的琴音。一定要運(yùn)用你的肩膀,只靠手與前臂是不可能奏出具震撼性的強(qiáng)音,力量必須發(fā)自身體與肩膀。如果這樣做是自在的,那琴凳的高度與坐姿就是正確。過去,老師們傾向于讓學(xué)生坐得過高,因此,固定琴凳的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高度會比正確坐姿的高度高一到兩英寸,這樣就使得學(xué)生們更多地使用指尖用力,而不是指腹。因此說,具有一個可調(diào)節(jié)高度的琴凳是很有必要的。
英文原文編輯本段回目錄3. Bench Height and Distance from Piano
The right height of the bench and its distance from the piano is also a matter of personal taste. For a good starting point, sit at the bench with your elbows at your sides and forearms pointing straight towards the piano. With your hands on the keys in playing position, the elbows should be slightly below the height of the hands, about level with the keys. Now place your hands on the white keys -- the distance of the bench from the piano (and your sitting position) should be such that the elbows just miss your body as you move them in towards each other. Do not sit at the center of the bench, but sit closer to the front edge so that you can plant your feet firmly on the floor or pedals. The bench height and location are most critical when playing loud chords. Therefore, you can test this position by playing two black key chords simultaneously, as loudly as you can. The chords are C2#G2#C3# (5,2,1) for the left hand and C5#G5#C6# (1,2,5) for the right hand. Press down hard, leaning forwards a little, with the whole weight of your arms and shoulders, to make a thundering, authoritative sound. Make sure that the shoulders are totally involved. Loud, impressive sounds cannot be made using only the hands and forearms; the force must come from the shoulders and the body. If this is comfortable, the bench and sitting positions should be correct. Historically, there has been a tendency of teachers to sit their students too high; consequently, the standard bench height of fixed height benches tend to be one to two inches too high, thus forcing the students to play more with their fingertips than the front finger pads. It is therefore important to have a bench with variable height.
4. 開始學(xué)一首新曲子:聆聽與分析(《獻(xiàn)給愛麗絲》)中文翻譯編輯本段回目錄把新的曲子看一遍,然后開始視奏,讓自己熟悉這首曲子。要熟悉一首曲子最好的方法是聆聽演奏(錄音)。有些評論認(rèn)為在學(xué)習(xí)一個新曲子前先聽別人的演奏是一種「欺騙」的行為,這實(shí)在是沒有根據(jù)的說法。弊處據(jù)稱是學(xué)生最終會模仿錄音的演奏方式而不去發(fā)揮個人的想象力。其實(shí)演奏方式是非常個人化的,根本不可能模仿。我將會在第四章第三節(jié)用數(shù)學(xué)來加以證明這一點(diǎn)。這事實(shí)可以為一些學(xué)生解除疑慮,讓他們不必因?yàn)槲茨苣7旅麕煹难堇[而自責(zé)。盡量多聽不同演繹版本,可以開拓視野。不聽別人的演奏,就好像為了怕破壞創(chuàng)造力而不去上學(xué)。有些學(xué)生認(rèn)為聽演奏是浪費(fèi)時間,因?yàn)樗麄冇肋h(yuǎn)不可能彈得那么好。試想想,如果本書的方法不能讓人彈得「那么好」,那我也不必寫這本書了!當(dāng)學(xué)生聽過不同的版本后,通常會發(fā)覺并不是每個錄音都是好的,他們甚至?xí)矚g自己的演奏更多。
下一個步驟是分析曲子的結(jié)構(gòu),來決定如何去練習(xí)這首曲子。讓我們用貝多芬的《獻(xiàn)給愛麗絲》作為例子。開頭的4個小節(jié)重復(fù)了15次,所以只學(xué)習(xí)4個小節(jié)就等于學(xué)會了這曲子的一半(本曲共125小節(jié))。另外6個小節(jié)也重復(fù)了4次,所以只要學(xué)習(xí)10個小節(jié)就等于學(xué)會了70%。使用本書的方法,這首曲子的70%可以在30分鐘內(nèi)背下來,因?yàn)檫@幾個小節(jié)相當(dāng)簡單。這個方法讓你在練習(xí)那些樂段時自動把它們背下來。在這些重復(fù)的小節(jié)當(dāng)中,有兩段比較困難的間奏。當(dāng)你使用下述的方法把這兩段練好,然后跟其它重復(fù)的小節(jié)連接在一起,瞧!你已經(jīng)可以彈奏而且背下整首曲子了!當(dāng)然練好這兩個間奏是學(xué)習(xí)這首曲子的關(guān)鍵,我們將在下面詳述。上過兩年琴課的學(xué)生應(yīng)該可以在2~5天內(nèi)學(xué)會這首曲子,而且能夠背譜。這個時候,老師就可以針對音樂內(nèi)容做一些琢磨;至于這要花多少時間,就因人而異了。就音樂的角度來說,你是永遠(yuǎn)學(xué)不完一首曲子的。
初步概念到此告一段落,我們現(xiàn)在可以開始練習(xí)的課程??焖佾@得技巧的秘訣就是掌握一些竅門,把困難的部分變?yōu)槿菀讖椬?。我們現(xiàn)在將開始這不可思議的旅程,進(jìn)入那些天才們的腦子里,看看他們所發(fā)現(xiàn)那些極為有效的鋼琴練習(xí)法。 瑞安論壇0411為你推薦!
英文原文編輯本段回目錄4. Starting a Piece: Listening and Analysis (Fur Elise)
The best way to start the learning process is to listen to a performance (recording). The criticism that listening first is some sort of "cheating" has no defensible basis. The purported disadvantage is that students might end up imitating instead of using their creativity. It is impossible to imitate someone else's playing because playing styles are so individualistic. This fact can be reassuring to some students who might blame themselves for the inability to imitate some famous pianist. If possible, listen to several recordings. They can open up all sorts of new ideas and possibilities that are at least as important to learn as finger technique. Not listening is like saying that you shouldn't go to school because that will destroy your creativity. Some students think that listening is a waste of time because they will never play that well. In that case, think again. If the methods described here will not make people play "that well", I wouldn't be writing this book! What happens most frequently when students listen to many recordings is that they discover that the performances are not uniformly good; that they actually prefer their own playing to some of those in the recordings.
The next step is to analyze the structure of the composition. This structure will be used to determine the practice program and to estimate the time needed to learn this piece. As any experienced piano teacher knows, the ability to estimate the time needed to completely learn a piece is critically important to the success of the practice routine. Let's use Beethoven's Fur Elise as an example. Analysis always starts by numbering the bars on your music score. If the bars are not already marked, mark every 10th bar in pencil, above the center of the bar. I count any partial bar at the beginning as bar 1; others count only full bars, but this makes it awkward to identify the first partial bar. In Fur Elise, the first 4 full bars are essentially repeated 15 times, so by learning 4 bars you can play 50% of the piece (it has 124 full bars). Another 6 bars are repeated 4 times, so learning only 10 bars enables you to play 70% of it. Using the methods of this book, therefore, 70% of this piece can be memorized in less than 30 minutes, because these bars are quite easy. Among these repeated bars, there are two interruptions that are difficult. A student with one to two years of lessons should be able to learn the required 50 different bars of this piece in 2 to 5 days and be able to play the whole piece at speed and from memory in 1 to 2 weeks. After that, the teacher is ready to work with the student on the musical content of the composition; how long that will take depends on the musical level of the student. We will now address the technical issues in the difficult sections.
The secret for acquiring technique quickly lies in knowing certain tricks for reducing impossibly difficult passages to not only playable but often to trivially simple ones. We shall now embark upon that magical journey into the brains of geniuses who figured out incredibly efficient ways to practice the piano!
5. 從最困難的段落開始練習(xí) 編輯本頁 發(fā)表評論(0) 目錄
? 中文翻譯
? 英文原文
中文翻譯編輯本段回目錄讓我們回到《獻(xiàn)給愛麗絲》這首曲子,找出最難的部分。有兩段長達(dá)16及23小節(jié)的間奏,夾在重復(fù)的樂段中。這是曲子里最困難的部分。學(xué)一首曲子,要從最難的部分開始。理由很明顯,因?yàn)槟阋米铋L的時間來學(xué)好最困難的部分,所以要在此多花一些練習(xí)時間。如果你把最難的部分留在最后練習(xí),當(dāng)你要演奏時,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這將是你最弱的一環(huán),而且經(jīng)常會給你麻煩。由于很多曲子的末段都是最精采、最有趣、又最困難的,大多數(shù)的曲子都應(yīng)從最后開始練起。如果曲子有幾個樂章,那通常應(yīng)從最后一個樂章的末段開始練起。 來自瑞安論壇0411,友情分享
英文原文編輯本段回目錄5. Practice the Difficult Sections First
Returning to Fur Elise, there are two difficult sections with 16 and 23 bars. Start by practicing the most difficult sections first. These will take the longest time to learn, so they should be given the most practice time. Since the ending of most pieces is generally the most difficult, you will learn most pieces starting from the end. Therefore, we will start by tackling these two difficult sections.
6. 將困難的段落縮短:分段(逐一小節(jié))練習(xí)
一個最重要的學(xué)習(xí)竅門,就是選擇一個短的練習(xí)段落。這個竅門可以說是縮短練習(xí)時間最有效的方法,因?yàn)橐韵聨讉€原因:
(a). 例如一個10小節(jié)長的困難樂段,通常只有幾個音符組合會絆住你。除了這幾個音符,你實(shí)在不需特別去練其它的。如果這10個小節(jié),每個小節(jié)有8個音符,但是總共只有4個音符是困難的,那只要練好這4個音符,就等于練好10個小節(jié)了。這樣可以節(jié)省相當(dāng)多的練習(xí)時間。讓我們再看《獻(xiàn)給愛麗絲》里那兩段間奏,仔細(xì)找出最困難的小節(jié)??赡苁堑谝婚g奏的第1小節(jié)或最后5個小節(jié),或是第二間奏最后的琶音。對于困難的樂段,必須注意指法,并確定你使用這指法時感到自在。在第一間奏的最后5小節(jié),困難點(diǎn)在右手,第 1,5 手指用得最多。第2指在某些地方也是很重要的,但是另一個選擇是用第1指。使用第2指是最普遍的正確指法,提供較佳的控制與流暢性??墒怯玫?指較容易記住,如果你有一段時間沒有彈這首曲子,那它能大大的幫你一把。當(dāng)你選擇一個指法,堅(jiān)持自始至終都使用這個指法是非常重要的。在第二段間奏的琶音部分,使用1231354321……的指法,用跳指法(Thumb over)或是穿指法(Thumb under)(參閱1-III-5節(jié))都可以,因?yàn)檫@一段的速度并不太快。但是我個人較喜歡用跳指法,因?yàn)榇┲阜ㄐ枰恍┦种獾膭幼?,而這額外的動作比較容易出錯。
(b). 練習(xí)較短的樂段可以讓你在數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)重復(fù)數(shù)十次、甚至數(shù)百次??焖?、連續(xù)的重復(fù)可以讓你的手在最短時間里學(xué)會新動作。如果困難的音符夾在一個較長的樂段里,那么每次練習(xí)的時間都會相對地加長,而且其它的音符會讓手在學(xué)習(xí)新動作時產(chǎn)生混淆,使學(xué)習(xí)變慢。這個效應(yīng)在1-IV-5節(jié)中有定量化的計(jì)算,提供了本書里聲稱可以加快學(xué)習(xí)速度達(dá)1000倍的基礎(chǔ)。
(c). 我們都知道,彈奏速度如果超過你技巧所及是不利的。但是,選擇越短的樂段,就能以越快的速度去練習(xí)而不會產(chǎn)生不良的效果。剛開始時,大多會選擇一個小節(jié)或更短的樂段來練習(xí),通常只有兩個音。選擇這么短的樂段來練習(xí),可以讓你在幾分鐘內(nèi)學(xué)會任何困難的音符組合。因此你可以用最終或更快的速度來練習(xí),這是一個理想的狀況,因?yàn)檫@可以節(jié)省很多時間。然而使用直覺的方法,你大部分時間都是以較慢的速度來練習(xí)。
英文原文編輯本段回目錄6. Shortening Difficult Passages: Segmental (Bar-by-Bar) Practice
A most important learning trick is to choose a short practice segment. This trick has perhaps the biggest effect on reducing the practice time because of many reasons.
(a) Within a difficult passage of say, 10 bars, there are typically only a few note combinations that stymie you. There is no need to practice anything other than those notes. Let's examine the two difficult sections in Fur Elise and find the most troublesome spots. This may be the first bar or the last five bars of the first interruption (bars 45 to 56), or the final arpeggio in the second interruption (bars 82 to 105). In all difficult segments, it is critically important to observe the finger markings. For the last five bars of the first interruption, the difficulty is in the RH where most of the action is in fingers 1 and 5. For bar 52 (the one with the turn), the fingering is 2321231, and for bar 53, it is 251515151525. For the arpeggio in the second interruption, use the fingering 1231354321.... Either thumb under or thumb over (see section III.5) will work because this passage is not overly fast, but I prefer thumb over because the thumb under will require some elbow motion and this extra movement can lead to flubs.
(b) Practicing short segments allows you to practice it dozens, even hundreds of times, in a matter of minutes. Use of these quick repetitions is the fastest way to teach your hand new motions. If the difficult notes are played as part of a longer segment, the longer interval between repeats and the playing of other notes in between can confuse the hand and cause it to learn more slowly. This faster learning speed is quantitatively calculated in section IV.5, and that calculation provides the basis for the claim in this book that these methods can be 1000 times faster than the intuitive methods.
(c) We all know that playing faster than your technique allows is detrimental. However, the shorter a segment you choose, the faster you can practice it without ill effects because they are so much easier to play. Therefore, you can practice most of the time at or beyond final speed, which is the ideal situation because it saves so much time. In the intuitive method, you are practicing most of the time at slow speed.
7. 分手練習(xí):掌握技巧 編輯本頁 發(fā)表評論(0) 目錄
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基本上,所有技巧的發(fā)展都是由分手練習(xí)而來。不要嘗試用合手來學(xué)習(xí)新的技巧,那會困難得多,并會浪費(fèi)時間,而且危險,以下會作更詳細(xì)的解釋。
任何困難的樂段,都要先用分手練習(xí)。選擇兩個小樂段,左右手各一個。練習(xí)右手,直至開始覺得累,然后練習(xí)左手。在休息的手未變涼而開始遲鈍,或練習(xí)的手還未太累之前,每5至15秒就更換一次。如果你更換的時間掌握得好,你會發(fā)覺休息的手會迫不及待的想彈奏。手累就千萬不要再練,因?yàn)檫@會引起緊張和養(yǎng)成壞習(xí)慣。不懂分手練習(xí)的人,左手通常會較弱。那么就應(yīng)該讓左手多練習(xí)。這個方法讓你可以用充分利用練習(xí)時間,而永遠(yuǎn)不會讓疲倦的手來練習(xí)。
《獻(xiàn)給愛麗絲》那兩段較難的間奏,應(yīng)先分手練習(xí),直至熟練到能以比演奏速度更快來彈奏,然后才合手練。視乎你的程度,這可能需要數(shù)天至數(shù)星期不定。當(dāng)你分手已經(jīng)彈得不錯,就可以嘗試合手來確定指法。兩只手最好使用相同或近似的指法,這會讓合手容易些。這個時候彈不好沒關(guān)系,你只需確定兩手的指法沒有沖突,或再沒有更好的指法就可以了。
需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,分手練習(xí)只適用于困難的樂段。對于已經(jīng)充分地掌握了雙手彈奏的樂段,當(dāng)然就省略分手練習(xí)了。本書最終的目標(biāo)是讓你盡快地開始合手彈奏,精通后跟本不需要分手練習(xí),而不是養(yǎng)成依賴分手練習(xí)的習(xí)慣。分手練習(xí)只有在需要時才使用,當(dāng)你的技巧逐漸進(jìn)步就應(yīng)該嘗試慢慢減少使用。但是,你需要相當(dāng)?shù)某潭炔拍芎芸斓貜姆质志毩?xí)進(jìn)展到合手彈奏 – 一般學(xué)生約需要5至10年來達(dá)到這個程度,但無論如何永遠(yuǎn)都不會完全放棄分手練習(xí)的。這是因?yàn)樗屑记傻挠?xùn)練,使用分手練習(xí)都能較快學(xué)會。對于逐漸減少分手練習(xí),有一個例外,那就是背譜。你需要分手背譜,這有許多重要的理由,我們將在1-III-6節(jié)中討論。
初學(xué)者對于任何曲子都應(yīng)該用分手練習(xí),讓他們盡早熟悉這個重要的方法。但是一旦掌握了這個方法,就應(yīng)該開始嘗試直接使用合手練習(xí)的可能性。初學(xué)者應(yīng)該在2至3年內(nèi)就能掌握分手練習(xí)的方法。分手練習(xí)不只是把兩只手分開那么簡單。下面我們將會討論分手時使用的多種學(xué)習(xí)竅門。
分手練習(xí)在你學(xué)會一首曲子后是仍然有用的。分手比起合手更能將你的技巧程度提升。而且是相當(dāng)好玩的事!你可以真正的段練手指/手/手臂。這比Hanon 《哈農(nóng)》或其它練習(xí)曲集更棒。這時候,你可以領(lǐng)會到“不可思議的方法”來彈奏這首曲子。這是你能真正提升技巧的時候。在學(xué)習(xí)一首曲子的初期,你只是讓你的手指熟悉這首音樂。有造詣的鋼琴家與業(yè)余愛好者的分別在于他們花多少時間在已經(jīng)學(xué)會的曲子上。這也就是為甚么有造詣的鋼琴家能夠演奏,而大多數(shù)的業(yè)余愛好者只能自娛。
最后,我們必需了解的是,所有的手指技巧都是來自分手練習(xí)的,因?yàn)闆]有比這個方法更有效的了。如果你一開始就可以合手彈奏,那就沒有必要分手練習(xí)。但是如果你合手還不能彈得很好,怎樣知道你可以不用分手練習(xí)呢?有一個很清楚的測試:如果你能自在地、放松地、準(zhǔn)確地用比演奏速度更快來分手彈奏,那你就不必分手練習(xí)。一般而言,最好能以演奏速度的1.5倍來分手彈奏。這通常不會很困難,而且還蠻有趣的,因?yàn)槟憧梢钥吹阶约旱募记蛇M(jìn)步神速。因此你會發(fā)現(xiàn),花在分手練習(xí)的時間多于實(shí)際需要,而且肯定一輩子都會利用這個方法。但是最終兩手都必須分別去學(xué)習(xí)它們所需的技巧(你當(dāng)然不希望兩手互相依賴)。最快的方法是讓兩手分別去學(xué)習(xí)。分別學(xué)習(xí)已經(jīng)夠困難了,兩手一起學(xué)習(xí)那是難上加難,而且浪費(fèi)時間。分手練習(xí)時可讓你掌握手與手指的技巧;那合手練習(xí)時你就只需要學(xué)習(xí)怎樣兩手協(xié)調(diào)就可以了。 瑞安論壇0411為你推薦!
英文原文編輯本段回目錄7. Hands Separate Practice: Acquiring Technique
Essentially 100% of technique development is accomplished by practicing hands separately (HS). Do not try to develop finger/hand technique hands together (HT) as that is much more difficult, time consuming, and dangerous, as explained in detail later.
Choose two short passages, one each for the right hand (RH) and the left hand (LH). Practice the RH until it begins to tire, then switch to the LH. Switch every 5 to 15 seconds, before either the resting hand cools and becomes sluggish, or the working hand becomes tired. If you choose the rest interval wisely, you will find that the rested hand is eager to perform. Don't practice when the hand is tired, because that will lead to stress (unnecessary muscle contraction) and bad habits. Those unfamiliar with HS practice will generally have a weaker LH. In that case, give the LH more work. In this scheme, you can practice hard 100% of the time, but you never practice with fatigued hands!
For the two difficult sections of Fur Elise, practice them HS until each hand becomes comfortable, up to speeds faster than final speed, before putting the hands together. This may take from a few days to several weeks depending on your level of play. As soon as you can play HS reasonably well, try HT to check that the fingering works.
It should be emphasized that HS practice is only for difficult passages that you cannot play. If you can play the passage adequately HT, by all means, skip the HS part! The ultimate objective of this book is for you to be able to quickly play HT with practically no HS practice after you become proficient. The objective is not to cultivate a dependence on HS practice. Use HS only when necessary and try to reduce its use gradually as your technique advances. However, you will be able to play HT with little HS practice only after you have become pretty advanced -- most students will be dependent on HS practice for 5 to 10 years, and will never completely abandon its use. The reason for this is that all technique is most quickly acquired HS. There is one exception to this option of skipping HS practice. That is memorizing; you should memorize everything HS for several important reasons (see "Memorizing", section III.6). Therefore, although you may not need to practice HS, you may need to memorize HS unless you are an advanced pianist with good mental play. Such advanced topics will be discussed later on.
Beginning students should practice HS with everything they learn so as to master this critically important method as quickly as possible. With HS practice, you acquire finger/hand technique; then with HT practice you only need to learn how to coordinate the two hands. By separating these tasks, you learn them better and faster. Once the HS method is mastered, the student should start to experiment with playing HT without using HS. Most students should be able to master the HS methods in two to three years. The HS method is not just separating the hands. What we will learn below are the myriad of learning tricks you can use once the hands are separated.
HS practice is valuable long after you have learned a piece. You can push your technique much further HS than HT. And it is a lot of fun! You can really exercise the fingers/hands/arms. It is superior to anything Hanon or other exercises can provide. This is when you can figure out "incredible ways" to play that piece. This is when you can really improve your technique. The initial learning of the composition only serves to familiarize your fingers with the music. The amount of time spent playing pieces you have completely mastered is what separates the accomplished pianist from the amateur. This is why accomplished pianists can perform but most amateurs can only play for themselves.
8. 連貫性的規(guī)則 編輯本頁 發(fā)表評論(0) 目錄
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當(dāng)你在練習(xí)一個樂段時,要包括下一個樂段的開頭。這會讓你在練習(xí)兩個鄰近的樂段時,不會間斷。這個連貫性規(guī)則適用于任何拆成小段的練習(xí),例如一個小節(jié)、一個樂章、甚至比一個小節(jié)還短的小段??偠灾B貫性規(guī)則是任何樂段都可以拆開來練習(xí),但這些小段都必需要重迭,重迭的音符稱之為「連接」 (conjunction)。在練習(xí)第一樂章的結(jié)尾時,應(yīng)該包括第二樂章開頭的幾個小節(jié),不要在第一樂章結(jié)束后立刻回到開頭。開演奏會時,你會慶幸曾經(jīng)這樣練習(xí)過。要不然,你可能會一下子不知如何開始第二樂章而被絆倒!
現(xiàn)在我們可以將連貫性規(guī)則應(yīng)用于《獻(xiàn)給愛麗絲》那兩段較難的間奏上。練習(xí)第53小節(jié)的時候,增加第54小節(jié)的第一個音符(1指彈的E音)作為連接。由于這首曲子困難之處幾乎都是在右手,你可以找一些左手的材料來交替練習(xí),就算是從其他曲子也可以。這樣可以讓右手有休息的時段。 來自瑞安論壇0411,友情分享
英文原文編輯本段回目錄8. Continuity Rule
When practicing one segment, always include the beginning of the following segment. This continuity rule ensures that when you have learned two adjacent segments, you can also play them together. It applies to any segment you isolate for practice, such as a bar, an entire movement, or even to segments smaller than a bar. A generalization of the continuity rule is that any passage may be broken up into short segments for practice, but these segments must overlap. The overlapping note or group of notes is called the conjunction. If you are practicing the end of the first movement, then include a few bars of the beginning of the second movement. During a recital, you will be glad that you had practiced in this way; otherwise, you might suddenly find yourself stumped on how to start the 2nd movement!
We can now apply the continuity rule to those difficult interruptions in Fur Elise. To practice bar 53, add the first note of bar 54 (E played with finger 1), which is the conjunction. Since all the difficult sections are for the RH, find some LH material to practice, even from a different piece of music, in order to give the RH periodic rests by switching hands.
9. 和弦沖擊 編輯本頁 發(fā)表評論(0) 目錄
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讓我們回到左手CGEG那個四音組合。如果你分手慢慢彈奏,然后逐步加速,你將會碰到《速度墻》(Speed Wall),這是讓你彈不下去、而且產(chǎn)生緊張的速度。要突破這個速度的方法,就要將這個四音組合以和弦方式來彈奏。你已經(jīng)從緩慢的速度進(jìn)展到無限快的速度了!這稱為和弦沖擊(Chord Attack)?,F(xiàn)在你只需要學(xué)習(xí)如何將速度減慢,這當(dāng)然比加速容易多了,因?yàn)樵谒俣葴p慢時,你不會碰到《速度墻》。但是,怎樣慢下來呢?
首先,彈奏這個和弦,左手以這個四音組合的彈奏速度上下彈跳(例如,每秒一次或兩次),以和弦方式來彈奏應(yīng)該會容易一點(diǎn),但是如果你是第一次這樣做就可能沒那么簡單。注意這時手指應(yīng)該處于快速彈奏的正確位置。嘗試改變上下彈跳的頻率(甚至高于所需的速度),在不同的速度時,注意怎樣改變手腕、手臂、手指等的位置與動作。如果過一會兒就覺得累,那么你一定有甚么地方做錯,或是你尚未擁有上下彈跳的彈奏和弦技巧。你必需不斷的練習(xí),直到不會覺得累為止。如果連這樣彈奏和弦都做不到,那四音組合就更不用說了。換句話說,你剛發(fā)現(xiàn)了技巧上的一個弱點(diǎn),必須加以補(bǔ)救才可以進(jìn)展到下一個階段。
盡量使用最小的動作來彈奏這個和弦。當(dāng)你增加速度時,讓手指保持在琴鍵上,或是盡量靠近琴鍵。讓整個身體(肩膀、上臂、下臂、手腕)融入動作中。感覺上是要用手臂與肩膀彈奏,而不是手指。當(dāng)你可以很柔和地、放松地、快速地彈奏這個和弦,完全沒有疲勞的感覺,那就表示有進(jìn)步了。必須確定你能很完美地把和弦所有的音都同時彈出來,因?yàn)槿绻麤]有這種敏感度,你會缺乏快速彈奏的精確性。練習(xí)慢速彈跳是很重要的,因?yàn)檫@正是你可以專注訓(xùn)練精確性的時候。在慢速練習(xí)時,精確性會有較快的進(jìn)步??墒窃跍p慢速度之前,你必需能以快速度彈奏(即使是短暫地)。減速時,盡量保持快速彈奏所需的動作,因?yàn)槟切﹦幼魇悄阕罱K需要練習(xí)的。如果你以為就是這么簡單,那你就大錯特錯,還沒完呢!看下去吧!來自瑞安論壇0411,友情分享!
英文原文編輯本段回目錄9. Chord Attack
Suppose that you want to play the (LH) "do-so-mi-so" quadruplet (“Alberti accompaniment”) many times in succession, very fast (as in the 3rd movement of Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata). The sequence you practice is CGEGC, where the last C is the conjunction. Since the conjunction is the same as the first note, you can “cycle” this quadruplet indefinitely without stopping. If you practice the quadruplet slowly and gradually speed it up HS, you will hit a "speed wall", a speed beyond which everything breaks down and stress builds up. The way to break this speed wall is to play the quadruplet as a single chord (CEG). You have gone from slow speed to infinite speed! This is called a chord attack. Now you only have to learn to slow down, which is easier than speeding up because there is no speed wall when you are slowing down. The key is -- how do you slow down?
First play the chord and bounce the hand up and down at the frequency at which the quadruplet will be repeated (say, between one and two times a second); this teaches the hand, wrist, arms, shoulder, etc., what they need to do for fast repetitions, and to exercise the appropriate muscles. Note that the fingers are now positioned correctly for fast playing; they are resting comfortably on the keys and slightly curled. Slow down and speed up the bounce frequency (even beyond the required speed!), noting how to alter the wrist, arm, fingers, etc., positions and motions to maximize comfort and avoid fatigue. If you feel fatigue after a while, then you are either doing something wrong, or else you have not yet acquired the technique of playing repeated the chords. Practice it until you can play without tiring because if you can't do it for a chord, you will never do it for quadruplets.
Keep the fingers close to or on the keys as you increase speed. Get the whole body involved; shoulders, upper and lower arms, wrist. The sensation is to play from your shoulders and arms, not the fingertips. When you can play this softly, relaxed, fast, and without any feeling of fatigue, you have made progress. Make sure that the chords are perfect (all notes landing at the same time) because, without this kind of sensitivity, you will not have the accuracy to play fast. It is important to practice slowly because that is when you can work on the accuracy and relaxation. Accuracy improves faster at the slower speeds. However, it is absolutely essential that you get up to fast speeds (if only briefly) before slowing down. Then, when you slow down, try to maintain the same motions that were required at high speed, because that is what you need to ultimately practice.
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