面對突發(fā)狀況，孩子應(yīng)如何自救和他救（First Aid Pamphlet）

暑假來了，孩子們無論是外玩耍，還是去參加野外活動，或者在旅游時(shí)常伴隨著突發(fā)狀況的發(fā)生， 因此我為孩子們準(zhǔn)備了一份非常實(shí)用、專業(yè)的安全手冊，將陸續(xù)在我的公眾平臺和小花生上推送，請認(rèn)真閱讀。

不管是夏令營還是其他野外活動，建議各位家長都收藏一下該系列文章，當(dāng)遇到這些問題時(shí)，孩子可以冷靜應(yīng)對。 
 

即使是最好的計(jì)劃，也有考慮不周的地方，導(dǎo)致突發(fā)狀況的發(fā)生，那么面對突發(fā)狀況，如何讓自己的孩子臨危不懼，并且采取相應(yīng)的應(yīng)對措施呢？下面是關(guān)于急救或者突發(fā)狀況的一些處理方法和操作步驟，請謹(jǐn)記！

1、

Check the Scene

勘察事故現(xiàn)場

The site of an accident can be confusing, especially when seri-ous injuries have occurred or there is more than one person involved. There are a number of things to consider. The hazard that caused the accident may still pose a threat. Seeing blood, broken bones, vomit, or people in pain might disturb bystanders and first-aiders.

事故發(fā)生地可能會非?；靵y，特別是在有重傷人員或者牽扯多人的情況下。因此，我們需要考慮的事情很多。誘發(fā)事故的危險(xiǎn)因素可能仍具有潛在威脅性。由于現(xiàn)場的血跡，斷裂的肢體，嘔吐物或者傷員本身都可能會使周圍的路人騷動不安，也可能會妨礙急救者的救助。

Before you take any action, stop for a moment to look over the entire scene and collect your thoughts. Consider the following questions:

在你采取任何行動之前，首先駐足觀察現(xiàn)場的周圍環(huán)境并整理自己的思路。思考一下這些問題：

? What caused the accident?

? 是什么導(dǎo)致事故的發(fā)生？

? Are there dangers in the area?

? 這片區(qū)域是否存在危險(xiǎn)？

? How many victims are there?

? 現(xiàn)場有多少傷員？

? If there are other people nearby,can they assist with first aid or with getting help?

? 如果附近有其他人員，是否能夠要求他們協(xié)助急救或者提供幫助？

? Will bystanders need guidance so that they do not become injured or ill themselves?

? 是否需要引導(dǎo)疏散周圍的路人，從而避免他們受到傷害？

2、

Call for Help

尋求幫助

Should you encounter a situation where someone has more than a minor illness or injury, act quickly to get emergency medical help.Instruct a bystander or another first-aider to call for help immediately: “You, call for help right now. Tell them where we are and what has happened, then report back to me.”

如果你遇到有人突發(fā)疾病或者嚴(yán)重受傷，請第一時(shí)間尋求醫(yī)療救助。你也可以第一時(shí)間委托路人或者在場的其他急救員尋求醫(yī)療救助：“麻煩你立刻撥打急救電話，告訴他們地點(diǎn)，傷情，然后回復(fù)我?！?/p>

A wilderness camping trip can take you far from telephones. An injured camp member who can walk on his own or with some sup-port may be able to hike to a road. Other members may be able to build a stretcher and carry a victim.For serious injuries， though, it is usually best to treat the victim at the accident site—provided that doing so would not further endanger the victim or the first-aiders—and send two or more people for help.

像野外露營這種旅行活動是無法撥打電話求助的。一個(gè)受傷的隊(duì)員，如果他自己能夠走動或者能夠在他人幫助下走動，那么他就能夠到達(dá)公路等待救援。其他成員也可以做一個(gè)擔(dān)架來搬運(yùn)傷員。但如果是重傷的話，在不引起傷員二次受傷或者危害到急救者的情況下，最好在事故現(xiàn)場對傷員進(jìn)行救助并多找一兩個(gè)人來協(xié)助。

Write a note containing the following information and send it with the messengers:寫一個(gè)包含下列信息的便條，讓出去報(bào)信的人一起帶出去。 
 

? Location of the victim

? 傷員的位置

? Description of the injuries or illness

? 傷員的傷情或者病員的病情

? Time the injuries or illness occurred

? 受傷或者生病的時(shí)間

? Treatment the victim has received

? 傷員所接受的治療

? Number of people with the victim and their general skill level for first aid

? 和傷員呆在一起的人數(shù)以及他們的急救技術(shù)水平

? Requests for special assistance or equipment, including food, shelter, or care for nonvictims

? 是否需要特殊支援或者設(shè)備，如食物，帳篷以及非傷員所需要的護(hù)理

Activities on open water sometimes take people far from any help. Larger boats often have radio equipment that can be used to summon aid. When phones or radios are not available, however, passengers will need to make and carry out a plan for getting help. Such a plan might involve sending two people to the closest telephone to call for help.

在開闊水域的活動使人們無法及時(shí)獲得救助。大型游輪上通常備有無線通訊設(shè)備。人們可以用無線通訊呼救。當(dāng)電話和無線通訊設(shè)備無法使用時(shí)，乘客就需要自己制定和實(shí)行獲救計(jì)劃。這種獲救計(jì)劃一般都會派一兩個(gè)人到附近有電話的地方，打電話求助。

 預(yù)防緊急情況

在當(dāng)今社會，幾乎每個(gè)人都有手機(jī)。但不是每個(gè)人都在手機(jī)中備注了在自己遭遇突發(fā)嚴(yán)重事故時(shí)的緊急聯(lián)絡(luò)人。如果你在手機(jī)中備注了“緊急聯(lián)絡(luò)人”，那么急救人員就能夠很快地向他通知你的情況。對于把誰設(shè)置為緊急聯(lián)絡(luò)人，你可以征詢下父母的意見。

3、

Approach Safely

安全地到達(dá)

After assessing the situation and summoning help, determine the best way to reach the injured person or persons. Perhaps an accident victim is lying on a busy highway or has fallen and tumbled partway down a mountainside. Will you also be in danger if you dash onto the highway or rush down the slope? Figure out a safe way to approach the victim or to remove the dangers from an area. Do not become an accident victim yourself.

在評估了周圍環(huán)境和撥打了急救電話后，就能夠選擇最好的到達(dá)傷員和其他人員面前的路徑。事故的傷員可能會躺在繁忙的公路上也可能是在途中滾下了山坡。如果你就直接的沖到公路上或者奔到陡坡下，你可能也會受到傷害。因此，我們需要找到一個(gè)安全的方式接近傷員或者排除現(xiàn)場的潛在危險(xiǎn)。不要讓自己也成為突發(fā)事故的受害者。

Once you have figured out the safest way to approach, introduce yourself to injured persons and to bystanders. Assure them that medical professionals have been called and are on the way with a calm voice. Ask victims if they will allow you to assist them. Continue to speak to injured or ill persons as you administer first aid, keeping them informed of what you are doing.

一旦你找到了最安全的到達(dá)方式，立刻向傷員和路人靠近。安慰他們救護(hù)車已經(jīng)在路上了，說話時(shí)的聲音要保持鎮(zhèn)靜。征求傷員的意見，看看他們是否愿意接受你的幫助。在你進(jìn)行急救時(shí)要繼續(xù)和傷員或者病員講話，讓他們知道你正在做些什么。

Sometimes a victim’s location threatens his or her safety and that of first-aiders. For example, suppose you are out hiking and a buddy falls into a stream or gets hurt while on an unstable boulder field or avalanche slope. It might be necessary to move him to a safer location before first-aid treatment can begin. To move him, get the help of several others in your group and lift the victim in the same position in which he was found. Then carry him to safety and gently put him down. (See“Moving an Ill or Injured Person” later in this pamphlet.) Take special care to prevent his neck from moving by supporting his head before, during, and after the emergency move.

有時(shí)候傷員所處的位置會威脅到傷員自己和急救員的生命安全。舉個(gè)例子，假設(shè)你正在遠(yuǎn)足，發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)人跌落到溪流中并且受了傷，但是他跌落的位置是人無法站穩(wěn)的鵝卵石區(qū)域或者是容易垮塌的斜坡。那么就必須先將傷員轉(zhuǎn)移到安全的位置再進(jìn)行急救。你可以讓和你一起遠(yuǎn)足的人幫助你轉(zhuǎn)移傷員，把傷員抬到和發(fā)現(xiàn)他時(shí)差不多的位置，接著小心地輕輕地將他放下。在轉(zhuǎn)移前，轉(zhuǎn)移中和急救轉(zhuǎn)移完成后，都要通過支撐其頭部從而對頸部進(jìn)行特殊保護(hù)。

傷檢

在緊急情況中，傷病員不止一個(gè)人的時(shí)候，要對傷病員進(jìn)行檢查——快速的檢查傷病員的受傷情況或者疾病癥狀。這樣就能夠決定怎樣才能最好的利用可用的急救資源。最簡單的狀況是急救員所到達(dá)的現(xiàn)場有兩個(gè)及兩個(gè)以上的傷病員，這時(shí)就需要傷檢了。在現(xiàn)場，專業(yè)醫(yī)療人員會判斷哪些傷員需要急救，哪些的治療可以延后，哪些的傷情需要觀察以防其情況突變以及哪些身體狀況良好可以協(xié)助治療。

4、

Provide Urgent Treatment

提供緊急醫(yī)療措施

Breathing and bleeding—these are your immediate concerns when treating the victim of an accident or illness. Victims who have stopped breathing or who are bleeding severely are called hurry cases because their lives are in immediate danger. They require smart, timely action on the part of a first-aider.

呼吸問題和失血問題——這些是你在治療事故中的傷病員時(shí)需要立即處理的。傷病員出現(xiàn)呼吸停止或者失血過多的情況叫做緊急情況，因?yàn)樗麄兠媾R生命危險(xiǎn)。他們需要快速的及時(shí)的急救治療。

Whenever you come upon an injured person, take no more than 15 to 20 seconds to do a quick survey of his or her condition to find out the following:

不論你在何時(shí)遇到傷員，都要進(jìn)行一個(gè)不超過15-20秒的對其傷情的快速檢查，并且查找出以下情況：

? Is the person conscious and breathing? If he or she seems to be unconscious, tap the person on the shoulder and ask(or shout) if he or she is all right. If the person does not respond, open the airway by tilting the head and lifting up on the chin, then place your ear near the mouth and nose where you can hear and feel the movement of air. Watch for the chest to rise and fall.

? 檢查傷員是否有意識，呼吸是否停止。如果傷員看起來已經(jīng)失去意識，輕敲他的肩膀詢問他的情況。如果傷員沒有回答，把他的頭向后傾同時(shí)抬高下顎使其氣道暢通。接著將你的耳朵貼近傷員的鼻口處，看是否能感受到或者聽到空氣的流動。觀察胸腔是否有呼吸的上下起伏。

? Is there severe bleeding? Open rain gear and outer clothing that might hide wounds from view.

? 檢查傷員是否失血過多，打開傷員的雨衣或者外衣，避免沒有檢查到的隱藏傷口。

? Are there other contributing factors? Look for a medical ID bracelet, necklace, or card that might give information about allergies, diabetes, or other possible causes of an emergency situation. Persons who have asthma or allergies to insect stings or certain foods (such as peanuts) might carry treatment for their condition.

? 檢查是否有其他有利因素，查看傷病員是否帶有醫(yī)療患者的手環(huán)或者項(xiàng)鏈以及醫(yī)療卡。醫(yī)療卡能夠提供傷病員是否有過敏，糖尿病和其他導(dǎo)致突發(fā)狀況的原因。患有哮喘的人或者是對昆蟲蟄傷和某種食物（如花生）過敏的人，需要對他們的情況進(jìn)行對應(yīng)的治療。

For children age 11 and under,check for a pulse to make sure the heart is beating. This should not take more than 10 seconds.

對于11歲及11歲以下的兒童，可以通過檢查脈搏來確認(rèn)心臟是否跳動。這個(gè)過程一般不超過10秒。

5、

Protect from further injury

避免二次傷害

An important part of first aid is protecting an accident  victim from further injury. Follow these guidelines.

急救的一個(gè)重要組成部分就是保護(hù)事故受害者遠(yuǎn)離二次傷害。以下是一些指導(dǎo)方針。

? Avoid moving an injured person unless his or her body position makes it impossible to perform urgent first aid or he or she is in a dangerous location. If a person’s position must be adjusted, for example, to allow them to breathe, do so with the minimum amount of movement.

? 除非是傷員所處位置無法實(shí)施急救或者傷員所處位置非常危險(xiǎn)，一般不要隨意移動傷員。如果傷員所處位置必須調(diào)整，在保證其呼吸順暢的情況下，對其做最小的移動。

? Stabilize the victim’s head and neck to prevent any neck bones that may be broken from damaging the spinal cord. Ask a fellow first-aider or a bystander to hold the victim’s head and neck steady to keep the neck in proper alignment.

? 固定傷員的頭部和頸部來防止頸骨碎裂從而避免脊髓受損。讓隨同的急救人員或者路人幫忙保持頭部和頸部的穩(wěn)定。從而使頸部處于同一軸度，避免錯位。

While awaiting emergency personnel, support the victim's head in the position you found it, in line with the person's body.

在等待急救人員的到來時(shí)，讓傷員的頭部和身體保持在你發(fā)現(xiàn)他時(shí)的位置。

6、

Treat Every Accident Victim for Shock

對每一個(gè)傷病員進(jìn)行休克治療

The circulatory system of a person who is injured or under great stress might not provide enough blood and oxygen to the tissues of the body.This condition is called shock, and it can be deadly (as organs can begin to fail). A shock victim can have some, all, or none of the following symptoms:

人在受傷或者巨大的壓力之下，其循環(huán)系統(tǒng)就可能無法充分的為身體的組織供血和供氧。這種癥狀稱之為休克。人處于休克狀態(tài)時(shí)，機(jī)體器官的功能逐漸停止運(yùn)作，因此休克有時(shí)是致命的。傷病員如果有發(fā)生休克的可能，就可能會出現(xiàn)以下癥狀：

? Restlessness or irritability

? 心神不寧或者勞累煩躁

? A feeling of weaknes

? 感覺自己非常虛弱

? Confusion, fear, dizziness

? 感到困擾，焦慮，頭昏眼花

? Skin that is moist, clammy, cool, and pale

? 臉色蒼白，體表濕冷。

? A quick, weak pulse

? 脈搏跳動快速而微弱

? Shallow, rapid, and irregular breathing

? 呼吸微弱，急促，不規(guī)律

? Nausea and vomitin

? 作嘔惡心

? Extreme thirst

? 極度口渴

Serious injuries and sudden illnesses are almost always accompanied by some degree of shock, but the victim might not be affected right away. Treat every accident victim for shock even if no symptoms appear.Prompt first aid may prevent shock from setting in.

重傷或者突發(fā)疾病通常都伴隨著不同程度的休克，但是傷病員不一定馬上就會受到影響。即使沒有出現(xiàn)休克的癥狀，也要對每一位傷病員進(jìn)行休克治療。及時(shí)的急救可以預(yù)防休克的發(fā)生。

Fear and uncertainty can increase shock. In a calm voice, assure the person that everything possible is being done and that help is on the way. A person who appears to be unconscious may still be able to hear you. Never leave an accident victim alone unless you must briefly go to call for help.

（傷病員的）焦慮和不安定感會增加休克的發(fā)病。此時(shí)，你要鎮(zhèn)定地安慰他們已經(jīng)采取了一切可能的急救措施，救護(hù)車也在路上了。即使是失去意識的傷員或許能夠聽到你的聲音。不要留下傷病員獨(dú)自一人除非你需要暫時(shí)離開尋求幫助。

對休克的急救 
 

1、在幫助傷員恢復(fù)呼吸和血液循環(huán)，控制出血，緩解疼痛，包扎傷口的同時(shí)，嘗試排查導(dǎo)致休克出現(xiàn)的原因。

2、呼叫急救醫(yī)療幫助。

3、近距離觀察傷病員，確保氣道通暢，呼吸暢通。

4、如果傷病員的狀態(tài)使其不能立刻接受急救治療，那么首先幫助傷病員躺下。其次，在確保傷病員的背部，頭部或者頸部沒有受傷，并且臀部和腿部沒有骨折的情況下，將他的雙腳抬高12英寸（約30厘米左右）使血液能夠從腿部流回到身體的重要器官。

5、用毯子，外套或者睡袋幫助傷病員保暖。

7、

Make a Thorough Examination

做一個(gè)詳盡的檢查

By the time you have dealt with urgent conditions and provided treatment for shock, medical professionals are likely to have arrived. When their arrival is delayed or the location will require greater travel time, conduct a more thorough examination to be sure you have found all the victim’s injuries that require attention. If the victim is alert, ask where it is painful and whether the victim can move the arms, legs, and so on. Get beneath jackets and other clothing that could obscure or hide wounds that are bleeding.

在你處理完緊急情況，進(jìn)行了休克急救，專業(yè)醫(yī)療救助即將到來的情況下，如果救護(hù)人員遲遲未到或者傷員所處位置需要很長時(shí)間才能到達(dá)，這時(shí)你可以對傷員進(jìn)行一個(gè)詳盡地檢查以確保所有的傷情都已查看到。如果傷員呼救，詢問他哪里疼痛或者不舒服，是否能夠移動手臂，腿或者其他部位。查看夾克或者外套下面是否有還在流血的隱藏傷口。

8、

Plan a Course of Action

設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)行動方案

After conducting the examination, determine what to do next. The best course of action in most cases is to make the victim comfortable and continue to wait for medical help to arrive. Maintain treatment for shock, keep the airway open, monitor the victim for any changes, and be ready to provide any other treatment the victim might require.

在完成詳盡檢查后，就需要計(jì)劃下一步的行動。在大多數(shù)案例中，最好的行動方案就是盡量讓傷員感到舒適并等待專業(yè)醫(yī)療急救的到來，繼續(xù)進(jìn)行休克急救，保持氣道暢通，隨時(shí)監(jiān)測傷員情況的改變，準(zhǔn)備傷員可能需要的其他治療。

In the backcountry it may be wise to set up camp and to shelter the victim with a tent. Rather than lifting a badly injured person into a tent, you can slit the floor of a standing tent and then place the tent over the person.

在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，為傷員搭建一個(gè)營地和可以避難的帳篷是非常明智的舉動。你可以將一個(gè)已經(jīng)搭建好的帳篷的門框拆下，把帳篷蓋到傷員的身上。這樣做好過將一個(gè)重傷員抬到帳篷中去。

Be aware of your own needs, too, and those of others around you. Stay warm and dry. If a first-aid emergency lasts very long, be sure to eat and drink enough. Be aware that other group members may be frightened or disoriented by what they have seen. Be sure they do not wander off. Giving people specific responsibilities—fixing a meal or making camp, for example—can focus their attention and help keep them calm. 
 

對你的需求和周圍的人要有清晰的認(rèn)識，要保持溫暖和干燥。如果醫(yī)療急救需要很長時(shí)間才能到達(dá)，那么就要確保有足夠的水和食物。要注意其他成員可能會因?yàn)橐姷絺T而感到害怕和失去判斷力，確保他們不會走丟。給每個(gè)成員都分派一些任務(wù)，例如做飯和搭建營地，這樣能夠幫助他們集中注意力和保持鎮(zhèn)靜。

古語說得好：居安思危，思則有備，有備而無患。學(xué)習(xí)這些急救知識并時(shí)常溫習(xí)?；蛟S在將來的某一天，這些急救知識能夠真正派上用場，解決危機(jī)。

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