2012
2007
2019年暑假，我計(jì)劃陪同大女兒一起練習(xí)英文寫作。
提高寫作技能的方法很多——比如平時(shí)多閱讀，并在閱讀后有意識(shí)地總結(jié)中心思想；平時(shí)堅(jiān)持寫日記；閱讀時(shí)遇到心儀的名言警句抄錄下來等等。
語言學(xué)家 斯蒂芬·克拉申，曾提出——“對(duì)于學(xué)外語的人而言，閱讀的越多，語言能力越寬。”
不可忽略的是，寫作能力的確是需要一個(gè)長期輸入并轉(zhuǎn)化為自我能力的過程。所以，在此也建議小娃的父母，在可能的情況下，雖然"聽說讀寫"中"寫"是最后順位，但越早帶孩子進(jìn)入英語寫作練習(xí)越容易成功。
我有點(diǎn)后悔這個(gè)問題抓得有點(diǎn)兒晚了，之前過于依賴學(xué)校和機(jī)構(gòu)，錯(cuò)過了最好的練習(xí)時(shí)機(jī)。所以，趁孩子G6的這個(gè)暑假，趕緊補(bǔ)補(bǔ)短板吧~
劃重點(diǎn)：
要想練好英文寫作，首先要清楚英文寫作時(shí)最常用的的文體格式有哪些。我研究了一下美國現(xiàn)行G6-G8課堂上，老師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的寫作文體，主要分為以下幾類。（附例文說明寫作技巧，注：看原文請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊題目鏈接）
1. 個(gè)人敘事文
（ Personal Narrative ）
個(gè)人敘事文是描述關(guān)于一個(gè)人生活中一個(gè)重要事件的短篇文章。
這類文體在表現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，學(xué)生容易感到厭倦，容易抱怨他們的生活很無聊，沒有任何實(shí)質(zhì)性的或值得寫的東西發(fā)生在他們身上。 因此需要寫作的人加入修飾和創(chuàng)造的部分，這樣可以幫助寫作時(shí)產(chǎn)生靈感。
例文1：
Eleven
by Sandra Cisneros
Best for 6th Grade
What they don’t understand about birthdays and what they never tell you is that when you’re eleven, you’re also ten, and nine, and eight, and seven, and six, and five, and four, and three, and two, and one. And when you wake up on your eleventh birthday you expect to feel eleven, but you don’t. You open your eyes and everything’s just like yesterday, only it’s today. And you don’t feel eleven at all. You feel like you’re still ten. And you are—underneath the year that makes you eleven. Like some days you might say something stupid, and that’s the part of you that’s still ten. Or maybe some days you might need to sit on your mama’s lap because you’re scared, and that’s the part of you that’s five. And maybe one day when you’re all grown up maybe you will need to cry like if you’re three, and that’s okay. That’s what I tell Mama when she’s sad and needs to cry. Maybe she’s feeling three. Because the way you grow old is kind of like an onion or like the rings inside a tree trunk or like my little wooden dolls that fit one inside the other, each year inside the next one. That’s how being eleven years old is. You don’t feel eleven. Not right away. It takes a few days, weeks even, sometimes even months before you say Eleven when they ask you. And you don’t feel smart eleven, not until you’re almost twelve. That’s the way it is. Only today I wish I didn’t have only eleven years rattling inside me like pennies in a tin Band-Aid box. Today I wish I was one hundred and two instead of eleven because if I was one hundred and two I’d have known what to say when Mrs. Price put the red sweater on my desk. I would’ve known how to tell her it wasn’t mine instead of just sitting there with that look on my face and nothing coming out of my mouth. “Whose is this?” Mrs. Price says, and she holds the red sweater up in the air for all the class to see. “Whose? It’s been sitting in the coatroom for a month.” “Not mine,” says everybody. “Not me.” “It has to belong to somebody,” Mrs. Price keeps saying, but nobody can remember. It’s an ugly sweater with red plastic buttons and a collar and sleeves all stretched out like you could use it for a jump rope. It’s maybe a thousand years old and even if it belonged to me I wouldn’t say so. Maybe because I’m skinny, maybe because she doesn’t like me, that stupid Sylvia Saldivar says, “I think it belongs to Rachel.” An ugly sweater like that all raggedy and old, but Mrs. Price believes her. Mrs. Price takes the sweater and puts it right on my desk, but when I open my mouth nothing comes out. “That’s not, I don’t, you’re not…Not mine.” I finally say in a little voice that was maybe me when I was four. “Of course it’s yours, ”Mrs. Price says. “I remember you wearing it once.” Because she’s older and the teacher, she’s right and I’m not. Not mine, not mine, not mine, but Mrs. Price is already turning to page thirty-two, and math problem number four. I don’t know why but all of a sudden I’m feeling sick inside, like the part of me that’s three wants to come out of my eyes, only I squeeze them shut tight and bite down on my teeth real hard and try to remember today I am eleven, eleven. Mama is making a cake for me for tonight, and when Papa comes home everybody will sing Happy birthday, happy birthday to you. But when the sick feeling goes away and I open my eyes, the red sweater’s still sitting there like a big red mountain. I move the red sweater to the corner of my desk with my ruler. I move my pencil and books and eraser as far from it as possible. I even move my chair a little to the right. Not mine, not mine, not mine. In my head I’m thinking how long till lunchtime, how long till I can take the red sweater and throw it over the schoolyard fence, or leave it hanging on a parking meter, or bunch it up into a little ball and toss it in the alley. Except when math period ends Mrs. Price says loud and in front of everybody, “Now, Rachel, that’s enough,” because she sees I’ve shoved the red sweater to the tippy-tip corner of my desk and it’s hanging all over the edge like a waterfall, but I don’t care. “Rachel, ”Mrs. Price says. She says it like she’s getting mad. “You put that sweater on right now and no more nonsense.” “But it’s not –“ “Now!” Mrs. Price says. This is when I wish I wasn’t eleven because all the years inside of me—ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, and one—are pushing at the back of my eyes when I put one arm through one sleeve of the sweater that smells like cottage cheese, and then the other arm through the other and stand there with my arms apart like if the sweater hurts me and it does, all itchy and full of germs that aren’t even mine. That’s when everything I’ve been holding in since this morning, since when Mrs. Price put the sweater on my desk, finally lets go, and all of a sudden I’m crying in front of everybody. I wish I was invisible but I’m not. I’m eleven and it’s my birthday today and I’m crying like I’m three in front of everybody. I put my head down on the desk and bury my face in my stupid clown-sweater arms. My face all hot and spit coming out of my mouth because I can’t stop the little animal noises from coming out of me until there aren’t any more tears left in my eyes, and it’s just my body shaking like when you have the hiccups, and my whole head hurts like when you drink milk too fast. But the worst part is right before the bell rings for lunch. That stupid Phyllis Lopez, who is even dumber than Sylvia Saldivar, says she remembers the red sweater is hers. I take it off right away and give it to her, only Mrs. Price pretends like everything’s okay. Today I’m eleven. There’s a cake Mama’s making for tonight and when Papa comes home from work we’ll eat it. There’ll be candles and presents and everybody will sing Happy birthday, happy birthday to you, Rachel, only it’s too late. I’m eleven today. I’m eleven, ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, and one, but I wish I was one hundred and two. I wish I was anything but eleven. Because I want today to be far away already, far away like a runaway balloon, like a tiny o in the sky, so tiny—tiny you have to close your eyes to see it.
寫作技巧：
例文2：
by James Howe
Appropriate for Grades 6-8 (very sad though)
James finds a sick kitten in the woods and tells the kitten everything will be okay. He takes it home hoping his his family will help. His mother says, “we’ll see…”. His brother Paul, who works for Dr. Milk, comes home and knows what to do. They drive the sickly kitten over to the vet’s office and the scenes that follow are heart wrenching. This story flows back and forth between the events of this day and memories involving James’s family.
寫作技巧：
例文3：
by Adam Bagdasarian
Best for 8th Grade
Will is in sixth grade and invited to Maggie’s party. He and Maggie have been exchanging notes in class. She confessed she liked him better than two other boys. Will gets ready for the party and has high hopes for the night. He and Maggie slow dance and afterward Will gets pressure from his friends to french kiss Maggie. When I read this story out loud to my students they are anything but disengaged. This story is related in so many ways.
寫作技巧：
例文4：
by Amanda Werner
Appropriate for Grades 6-8
My husband and I lived in Salt Lake City, Utah for five years and bought season ski passes every year we were there. We spent most weekends in the Wasatch mountains skiing the greatest snow on Earth. As fantastic as this sounds, things went very wrong one day. Erik, my husband wanted to ski out of bounds. We’d done so before and nothing had gone wrong but every time we did it I struggled with a decision, follow my husband out of bounds or stick to the groomers. On this day, I chose to follow and things went seriously wrong.
寫作技巧：
2. 傳記體（ Memoir ）
傳記（回憶錄）和個(gè)人敘事之間有什么區(qū)別？
傳記（回憶錄）通常以人們生活中的時(shí)間段或主題為中心，而個(gè)人敘事則是關(guān)于一個(gè)重要事件。
下面的回憶錄是關(guān)于面對(duì)小問題和巨大問題的有力故事。 通過閱讀以下例文找到聯(lián)系和想法：
例文1：
by Amy Tan
Best for 8th Grade
Amy Tan is in love at the age of 14 with a boy named Robert. He doesn’t know it. To her horror, his family is invited over to dinner for Thanksgiving. Amy is mortified by her family and their traditional Chinese ways.
寫作技巧：
例文2：
by Gary Soto
Appropriate for Grades 6-8
Gary needs a new coat. He describes a super cool biker jacket to his mom and is excited by the potential this new piece of clothing could have on his identity. The next day he finds a guacamole colored, too large coat hanging from is bedpost. His mom says it’s for him. He wears the ugly thing for years and describes in sad detail the negative impact it had on his life and his eventual acceptance of the thing and his situation.
寫作技巧：
例文3：
by Sherman Alexie
Best for 8th Grade
Alexie describes his love of reading from the age of three to adulthood. He knows this love of reading saved him from the poverty and struggles of life on an Indian Reservation. But he doesn’t just want to save his own life, he wants to save others’ lives too, through books and writing.
寫作技巧：
例文4：
by Amy Tan
Best for 8th Grade
Jing-mei’s mom has big plans for her daughter. She wants her daughter to be a prodigy. But as time goes on and Jing-mei fails her mother’s expectations over and over, Jing-mei begins to resent her mother and fail on purpose. She and her mother eventually face off and Jing-mei wins. Her mother backs off, but eventually Jing-mei regrets what she did and the things she said to her mother that day.
寫作技巧：
3. 虛構(gòu)類小說體（ Fiction ）
小說包括許多很多類型......讓學(xué)生選擇適合所有類型的流派并教授核心寫作技巧。 這些核心技能可能是：情節(jié)，角色發(fā)展，場景，語氣，情緒，觀點(diǎn)，描述，對(duì)話，主題，比喻語言，過渡，組織和寫作過程。
孩子可以選擇一個(gè)喜歡的虛構(gòu)書籍或短篇小說。 使用這些故事來做閱讀分析，同樣可以通過這些故事教授虛構(gòu)類小說的寫作技巧！
例文1：
by Ray Bradbury
Appropriate for Grades 6-8
Margot is from planet Earth and just moved to Venus. Most children in her class have never seen the sun, because on Venus it rains for seven years straight. On the day that the rain is finally supposed to stop the kids in Margot’s class make a horrendously cruel decision.
寫作技巧：
例文2：
by Langston Hughes
Appropriate for Grades 6-8
Mrs. Jones is walking through the street at night when suddenly a young boy tries to take her purse. She is a strong women and grabs a hold of the boy and doesn’t let go. Instead she brings him to her house, feeds him and talks to him. She learns his name is Roger and soon they begin to develop an understanding.
寫作技巧：
例文3：
by Ken Liu
Best for 8th Grade (has mature content)
Jack or “Kan-kan”, as his mother likes to call him, has a magical, paper lion named Laohu. Jack’s mother made it for him. She has an incredible talent for making origami creatures come to life. Jack loves all his “pets”, but when another boy comes over with his Star Wars toys, Jack realizes he is different…and even more so…h(huán)is mother is different. He begins to keep his distance from his mother and wants her to be more American by learning English. Jack stops speaking Chinese with her and as time goes on he discovers the story behind his mother’s past.
寫作技巧：
例文4：
by Ray Bradbury
Appropriate for Grades 6-8
George and Lydia Hadley just purchased the HappyLife Home. This house does absolutely everything you can think of for them and their two children. It even has a playroom that can turn into the African savannah for their children’s entertainment. Lack of discipline and too much reliance on technology leads to an treacherous end.
寫作技巧：
例文5：
by Shirley Jackson
Appropriate for 8th Grade
Members of a small village gather for many events throughout the year, square dances, teen club, the Halloween fair and other civic activities. And now all the members of this small town, men, women and children gather for the annual lottery.
寫作技巧：
4. 信息文（ Information ）
找到信息文本相當(dāng)容易，它們以博客文章和新聞文章的形式出現(xiàn)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上。
注：看原文請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊題目鏈接
例文1：
Teens and adults say they feel tethered to their phones
from Tween Tribune
Appropriate for Grades 6-8
Parents are depicted as a bit hypocritical in this article (students will love it). They say they want their children to use their devices less. Yet, parents seem to be on their devices just as much, if not more than their children!
寫作技巧：
例文2：
How Online Gaming Platform Roblox is Helping Teenagers Become Millionaires
from Dogo News
Appropriate for Grades 6-8
Kids can become developers for games like Roblox. The company pays 30% in royalties and this has made some millionaires! Students will love reading about how to make money through what they are most passionate about…video games!
寫作技巧：
例文3：
Homework and Tests Stressing You Out? Consider Moving to Sweden
from Dogo News
Appropriate for Grades 6-8
A school in Sweden decided to do an experiment…no homework or tests for a whole month. If stress is reduced in these students’ lives they may never have to do homework again! Other countries are experimenting with this idea too. Students will love learning about the negative impacts of homework in this article.
寫作技巧：
例文4：
Giant boom hopes to corral Pacific Ocean’s plastic trash
from Tween Tribune
Appropriate for Grades 6-8
Between Hawaii and California there floats a patch of trash twice the size of Texas! It is disgusting. Boyan Slat, a 23 year old, has taken it upon himself to find a solution. This article talks about his invention and how he is working toward a solution to this very large and concerning problem.
寫作技巧：
5. 文學(xué)分析文
（ Literary Analysis ）
又叫文學(xué)論文。 學(xué)習(xí)這一文體的理由是幫助學(xué)生發(fā)展他們的分析技能，以便他們能夠批判性地思考世界事件，商業(yè)，政治，書籍乃至他們自己的生活！論文文本涉及廣泛的主題，更該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，論文該不僅出現(xiàn)在學(xué)校，現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中也該被廣泛應(yīng)用。
注：看原文請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊題目鏈接
例文1：
Picture Books Tell Children the Harsh Story of Refugee Picture Books
by Monica Edingar
Appropriate for 8th Grade (advanced writing)
Edingar starts off arguing how important it is that we talk about the experiences of migrants and refugees, especially to our children. She then goes on to beautifully summarize and analyze six children’s books about people from places ranging from Chile to Greece to Mexico.
寫作技巧：
例文2：
YA Thrillers to Give You Chills This Summer
by Elisabeth Egan
Appropriate for 8th Grade
Three thriller YA novels are discussed in this well written article. Not only will students learn the writing techniques listed below, they’ll also learn about some high interest YA novels too.
寫作技巧：
例文3：
10 Benefits of Reading Everyday
by Lana Winter-Hebert
Appropriate for Grades 6-8
This article discusses some excellent reasons why we should be reading everyday. Many important points are brought up such as how reading helps you become a better writer and develop analytical skills!
寫作技巧：
6. 辯論文（ Argument ）
學(xué)習(xí)這一寫作文體最好的模本就是報(bào)紙社論。然而，報(bào)紙往往高于我們學(xué)生的閱讀水平。所以可行的方法是大聲讀那些文章，閱讀后并注釋。 當(dāng)?shù)谝淮未舐暲首x時(shí)，更能有效保留信息和寫作技巧。
注：看原文請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊題目鏈接
例文1：
Attention, Students: Put Your Laptops Away
by James Doubek
Appropriate for Grades 7-8 (article is a bit advanced)
Doubek argues that taking notes by hand is actually better than taking notes on a laptop. When you take notes by hand you synthesize information into memorable chunks because you can’t write absolutely everything down when a teacher is lecturing. When you take notes using a laptop you tend to type word for word what you hear, skipping the important synthesis and thinking process.
寫作技巧：
例文2：
An Open Letter About Female Coaches
by Pau Gasol
Best for 8th Grade (some locker room talk)
Pau Gasol is an NBA basketball player who has been coached by Becky Hammon, the first and only female to ever coach in the NBA. Paul writes this letter to question societal norms and assumptions about women in positions that are dominated by men. It is an excellent read.
寫作技巧：
7. 演講稿（ Speech ）
通過TED Talks學(xué)習(xí)這個(gè)文體的技巧。
注：看原文請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊題目鏈接
例文1：
[ Transcript ]
by Stephen Claunch
Appropriate for All Grades
Stephen Claunch was born with many health issues. But these issues have not stopped him from reaching his goals. Stephen explains that obstacles can be overcome with hard work, not excuses.
寫作技巧：
例文2：
[ Transcript ]
by Derek Sivers
Appropriate for All Grades
This humorous talk analyzes the process of creating a movement. Sivers points out that leaders are important but followers might be more important to making a movement.
寫作技巧：
例文3：
8 Secrets to Success [ Transcript ]
by Richard St. John
Appropriate for Grade 8 (the words damn and assholes are used)
This super concise and funny talk gives students advice for how to be successful in life.
寫作技巧：
例文4：
How to Tie Your Shoes [ Transcript ]
by Terry Moore
Appropriate for All Grades
This short talk teaches us that we’ve been tying our shoes wrong! It is eye-opening in the simplest way.
寫作技巧：
以上文體形式是美國中學(xué)生需要掌握的。
???
那么，作為英語非母語國家的孩子該用哪些練習(xí)冊(cè)或教材學(xué)習(xí)寫作呢？
在我一段摸索后，我替孩子選擇以下幾本教材和練習(xí)冊(cè)：
1. Wonders —— ReadingWriting Workshop G6
一冊(cè)的閱讀周期為五周，基本相符我們不到一個(gè)月刷完，每天一篇。
這套教材的練習(xí)重點(diǎn)是：閱讀后生詞整理和對(duì)文章的框架式理解并總結(jié)。
用其中一篇文章為例：
文章閱讀前會(huì)有生詞詞解
閱讀后利用各類型寫作方式對(duì)文章內(nèi)容理解和總結(jié)
孩子選擇她喜歡的形式書寫來總結(jié)文章。
2. Picture Composition 5/6
10級(jí)Picture Composition 517人有 · 評(píng)價(jià)2Terry Bell
10級(jí)Picture Composition 616人有Terry Bell
這套是比較傳統(tǒng)形式的練習(xí)冊(cè)，有點(diǎn)類似我們小時(shí)候的看圖說話。
但不同的是這套練習(xí)冊(cè)是難度遞進(jìn)式的，每一個(gè)新小結(jié)會(huì)對(duì)難度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出一個(gè)新目標(biāo)（Writing tips）,以增加寫作難度。
這套練習(xí)我家是以一周2-3篇的進(jìn)度進(jìn)行。
學(xué)樂“看圖寫作”練習(xí)冊(cè) Picture Composition讓孩子看懂圖、有話說！暫售罄
這套練習(xí)冊(cè)的另一個(gè)好處是，書的末頁為每篇練習(xí)提供了一個(gè)“答案”—— 例文。所以，孩子可以在完成寫作創(chuàng)作后，參照“答案”學(xué)習(xí)不同的想法和寫作技巧。
Road Safety
There was a boy that really liked to play soccer, so his soccer ball was like his treasure.
One day, the boy was playing soccer on the field with his friends. But the ball rolled and rolled out the fence. It went on the road. (The ball rolled onto the road.)
To me, I am a night owl so I sleep very late. I am very tired today, but I have to go to my boss’s office. I was driving my truck when I saw a soccer ball rolling over and then a kid following. I almost bumped into the kid. But it is a relief that he did not die.( Fortunately, the kid was not dead.) I think if he was dead then I would have to go to jail! I had to go to the police station with the kid, because it was dangerous of him to just run around the road.
I was very angry because now my boss will be angry for being late.( I was so sad that my boss will be very angry because I was late.) It was my 3rd time late so I will get a red card. Oh no! What if I got fired?!!
Bicycle Theft
One day I was walking to school, and I saw a person wants to get the lock on the bike off ( unlock the bicycle). I was very surprised. So I was going to run away because I knew that he was a theft. When he saw me, he called ( asked) me to help him. I didn’t know what to do. So I pulled my phone out of my pocket and began acting that my mom was calling me.
When I was going back home I got the confidence to ask the man. So I asked:” What are you doing here all day?” And the man said:” I lost my key to the lock, so I am trying to free my bike.” I was actually very shocked. At first I thought he was a bicycle theft, but he’s not! I felt very sorry for him that I ran away from him.
Then I helped the man unlock the lock. He said thanks and went away.
The next day, when I saw the newspaper I almost had fainted. It said “There was a little boy that ( who) had helped ( helps) the theft to ( ×) steal another bicycle”.
After that time, I couldn’t trust anyone exept ( except) for my family ever again.
這是孩子寫的其中兩篇，我覺得文章的想法很好，雖然詞句的使用還有很多不足，但是，通過將近半個(gè)月的練習(xí)，明顯能感覺到有很大的進(jìn)步——包括語法，句式，標(biāo)點(diǎn)的使用。括號(hào)里的部分是我的建議。
3. Scholastic Success with Writing / Grammar G5
“學(xué)樂成功必贏”美國練習(xí)冊(cè) Success 美國孩子普遍在用的語法閱讀寫作練習(xí)冊(cè)暫售罄
很遺憾的是這套練習(xí)冊(cè)沒有G6, 但循序漸進(jìn)的跟著這套走的話，會(huì)獲得很大的成功。
一個(gè)月內(nèi)，我們完成了這套練習(xí)冊(cè)G4，G5 Grammar兩冊(cè)，正在刷G5 Writing.
4. Write Source: Assessment Grade 6 /7
這套練習(xí)題從語法著手，通過試題，腳踏實(shí)地的改正孩子在寫作時(shí)最容易犯的錯(cuò)誤，從最基本的知識(shí)開始。我很欣賞這套教材的教學(xué)手法，細(xì)膩且周到。
大綱如下↓
這套題三周刷完了G6, 正在進(jìn)行G7的部分。
5. Keystone 2013 Student Edition Building Bridges
Keystone 2013 Student Edition Building Bridges1人有 · 評(píng)價(jià)1Prentice HallPrentice Hall
這是美國Scott Foresman 出版社（美國培生教育集團(tuán) ）于2012出版的一系列美國原版教材，目前國內(nèi)的知名度還比較低，屬于小眾類。
總體來說，這套教材跟我們熟知的 Wonders系列在系統(tǒng)上有些類似。也是基于每篇獨(dú)立閱讀文章的基礎(chǔ)上，通過Vocab,Grammar,Writing等幾大類進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。屬于綜合體。
不同的是，這套教材在每個(gè)年級(jí)的級(jí)別上（G1-12），又細(xì)分難度級(jí)別（LA-F），更適合外國人學(xué)習(xí)。
例如：
這套教材是孩子之前機(jī)構(gòu)用書，所以有空就繼續(xù)刷幾頁。
這套教材的介紹很少，所以給大家以其中一篇文章為例，詳細(xì)了解一下:
下面的是配套workshops部分:
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總之， 騏驥千里,非一日之功。大家一起努力吧，我也非常歡迎同樣在家輔導(dǎo)孩子英文寫作的花友跟我交流心得。另外需要說明的是，所有的教材和練習(xí)冊(cè)我全部是購買的正版，所以請(qǐng)不要向我索要文件分享或鏈接。
注: 本文部分內(nèi)容來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系作者
enjoy yourself~
2012
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