培養(yǎng)雙語孩子，看看德國雙語幼兒園的建議！

奮戰(zhàn)了半年，今天終于考完的德語B1，結(jié)果還要等一個月，一切隨緣。

從郵箱翻出一篇之前幼兒園發(fā)給家長有關(guān)雙語能力培養(yǎng)的文章，仔細閱讀了一遍，覺得內(nèi)容很不錯，條理清晰，簡單翻譯一下分享給大家，希望大家對孩子雙語能力的培養(yǎng)有一個更全面更科學(xué)的了解。

這篇文章主要內(nèi)容包括：

雙語能力的定義培養(yǎng)方式

孩子學(xué)會的第一門語言的意義

什么是浸入式語言環(huán)境

雙語能力培養(yǎng)的優(yōu)點和面臨挑戰(zhàn)

從0歲到一年級階段語言能力發(fā)展的不同表現(xiàn)

Definition

Bilingualism describes the understanding or control of two languages at the level of mother-tongue. The bilingualism can be achieved in two ways:Simultaneous bilingualism and Gradual bilingualism.

首先要明確雙語的定義：雙語指的是和母語一樣理解或者掌握兩門語言，也就是雙母語能力。

雙語能力的培養(yǎng)有兩種方式：同步培養(yǎng)和漸進式培養(yǎng)。

-Simultaneous bilingualismis the process that happens during the early childhood when the children learn two different languages at the same time, for example through two spoken languages at home. The longer this process is the better bilingual the children will be.

同步培養(yǎng)：是在孩子幼年早期就同時學(xué)習(xí)兩門語言，比如在家同時說兩種語言。這個階段越長，小孩的雙語能力越強。

-Gradual bilingualchildren is the process that happens when the children learn one language within the first three years, after that they’ll learn another language, for example in the kindergarten.

漸進式培養(yǎng)：孩子三歲前只學(xué)習(xí)了一門語言，三歲后開始學(xué)習(xí)另外一門語言，比如進入雙語幼兒園。

Meaning of the first language

When the children are learning their first language, they will gain not only knowledge specific to the language (such as words or grammar), but also about the emotional and cultural background of their surroundings. The use of the own first language (or the one they’re comfortable with) by the parent is very important in building an intuitive and real relationship with the child. The first language imparts security, trust and comfort. If a child cannot express him- or herself in the first language, no other acquisition of other languages is possible.

第一語言的意義

當(dāng)孩子在學(xué)習(xí)他們的第一種語言時，他們不僅會學(xué)會語言的具體知識（比如詞匯或語法），他們還會理解周圍環(huán)境的情緒和文化背景。家長使用自己的第一語言（或是說起來比較順暢的語言），在和孩子建立直觀和真實的聯(lián)系中起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。孩子掌握的第一門語言，意味著安全感，信任和舒適感。如果孩子還不能用第一語言來表達自己，那另外的語言也不可能掌握。

What is immersion?

- It’s the concept of the acquisition of a second language through the use: What has been said is supported by actions, showing and gestures.

- The most successful language teaching: the continuous contact with the language over a long period of time (up to 6-7 years) is the requirement for that, as well as enough structural contact (such as finger plays, books, songs)

- The children decide themselves over the topics and the pace, so they will not be overexerted.

什么是浸入式語言環(huán)境？

從應(yīng)用角度來定義對第二種語言的掌握：所說的內(nèi)容要融入動作，演示和手勢。

最成功的語言教學(xué)方式：要求持續(xù)長期浸泡在這種語言中（6-7年），同時要有足夠并且體系化的熏陶（比如手指游戲，讀物和歌謠）。

孩子自己決定主題和學(xué)習(xí)的節(jié)奏，這樣才不會壓力過大。

Advantages of a bilingual upbringing

-Higher abilities of communication: The children have the vocabulary of two languages and are able to cover linguistic gaps with the other language or can communicate in two languages

-Cognitive abilities:Children who grow up bilingual are able to memorize things better and are able to find different solutions for any situation.

-Other languages:for bilingual children it is easier to learn other languages, because they are already in contact with another language system.

-Social abilities:Because of their bilingualism it is easier for these children to get in contact with other people. They are also able to understand the view of others.

The

雙語養(yǎng)育的優(yōu)點

更好的溝通能力：擁有兩種語言能力的孩子可以了解不同語言的差異，或者可以用兩種語言溝通。

認知能力：在雙語環(huán)境中長大的孩子記憶力更好，同時對于不同的情況可以找到不同的解決方案。

多語能力：雙語孩子更容易掌握其他的語言，因為他們已經(jīng)隨時準備好去接觸其他的語言體系。

社交能力：因為雙語能力可以讓孩子更好的去其他人接觸，所以他們可以更好的理解其他人的觀點。

The challenges of bilingualism

-Language-delays:Because of the different language systems (grammar, words) it is sometimes possible, that bilingual children are slower in the development of the language than monolingual children. In this case it is not a learning deficit; it is just a delay of the language.

-Mixing of both languages:Bilingual children often mix the use or the grammar of the two languages (?I ate an Apfel!“ or I like it not). This phenomenon occurs because the children are able to make a difference between the two languages, only by the age of three. It is also possible that they do instant translation of word by word from one language to the other.

-Preference of one language:Some children prefer one language over the other, especially the one that they are more in contact with. This happens because they are able to express themselves better in the language that they have a longer and more frequent contact. Sometimes this preference is not easy for the parent of the other language, especially if the child avoids speaking in this language at all.

雙語培養(yǎng)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)

語遲現(xiàn)象：由于不同語言系統(tǒng)（語法，詞匯）某種情況下有可能雙語孩子的語言發(fā)展會比單語孩子慢一些。但是這種情況并不是學(xué)習(xí)能力的缺陷，這僅僅是語言能力的延遲。

兩種語言混淆：雙語孩子經(jīng)常會把兩種語言的使用或語法混在一起，比如I ate an Apfel（Apfel是apple的德語）。這種現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生，通常在孩子三歲左右，他們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種語言的不同之處。很有可能他們在對兩種語言的詞匯進行即時翻譯。

偏好其中一種語言：有些孩子會更偏好其中的一門語言，特別是他們接觸的更多的。這種情況的發(fā)生是因為他們可以更好的用這種語言表達自己，因為他們經(jīng)常接觸并使用。有時這種偏好對家長來說并不容易處理，特別是當(dāng)孩子完全不想說他不喜歡的那門語言。

0歲到一年級的語言能力發(fā)展表