面條媽帶你來(lái)精讀，原來(lái)在北美，孩子的閱讀理解是這樣教（二）Cause and Effect

“今天天氣有些涼啊，穿上外套再出門(mén)”

“多喝一些牛奶，這樣才會(huì)長(zhǎng)高高”

“做作業(yè)的時(shí)候把頭抬高，否則很快就要近視了”

這些話媽媽們是不是都覺(jué)得很熟悉，是不是自己每天都在小朋友耳邊念念碎碎？其實(shí)媽媽們每天無(wú)意識(shí)在做的，就是不停的強(qiáng)調(diào)因果關(guān)系?！耙蚬币彩潜泵篱喿x教學(xué)里一個(gè)重要的部分，稱(chēng)為“Cause and Effect”。不過(guò)，除了在閱讀理解里的應(yīng)用，面條媽自己一直覺(jué)得，看的清事情的來(lái)龍去脈，理解行為和結(jié)果的關(guān)系，其實(shí)更多的是在培養(yǎng)小朋友系統(tǒng)性思維的能力，即使以后面對(duì)復(fù)雜的情況也能通過(guò)思考做出準(zhǔn)確的決策；同時(shí)也是完善小朋友的社交能力，激發(fā)他們的探索能力，說(shuō)不定以后我們的孩子就能成為那個(gè)能治愈癌癥的人呢。扯遠(yuǎn)了，又想多了，嘻嘻

我想大部分小朋友對(duì)Cause and Effect都有概念，先給小朋友看個(gè)漫畫(huà)做個(gè)輕松的導(dǎo)入吧

一天晚上，Joe阿姨做夢(mèng)做到自己成了個(gè)蹦床明星，她就站起來(lái)在床上蹦啊蹦，結(jié)果掉在地上，疼的猛的醒過(guò)來(lái)，她大叫起來(lái)“啊，怎么回事啊，我怎么會(huì)在地上??？” 小朋友能不能告訴爸爸媽媽?zhuān)琂oe阿姨為什么會(huì)在地上呢？

對(duì)了，就是因?yàn)樗齽倓傇诖采咸撕靡魂?。這就是Cause，“因”指的是為什么，而掉在地上呢是一個(gè)結(jié)果，即Effect，小朋友可以看下面這張圖例，記住兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵字“Why”和“What”

那么剛才這漫畫(huà)里，小朋友從那個(gè)句子找到了Effect？對(duì)了，就是這句“As a result, she fell off of the bed!" 引導(dǎo)小朋友想一下，除了“as a result”還有哪些關(guān)鍵字可以幫助辨別Cause and Effect？Bingo，是這些常用詞啦：

小朋友還需要知道，一個(gè)原因可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生很多結(jié)果，譬如

而一個(gè)結(jié)果也可能是多個(gè)原因造成的，譬如

那在文中表述的時(shí)候，是不是都是因在前結(jié)果在后呢？當(dāng)然不是，有的時(shí)候是Cause comes first，譬如這句：The students made a thousand dollars in their candy sale which means they get to go on their trip.而有的時(shí)候呢，則是Effect comes first，譬如這句：All of the students can eat in the cafeteria thanks to the donation of ten new tables.

爸爸媽媽可以用下面Thinking Map里的這個(gè)多重流程圖幫助小朋友來(lái)梳理Cause and Effect，左邊的圈圈里填寫(xiě)事情發(fā)生的原因，中間的圈圈是發(fā)生的事情，右邊的圈圈填寫(xiě)事情發(fā)生的結(jié)果

如果一個(gè)Cause對(duì)應(yīng)多個(gè)Effect，或者一個(gè)Effect是由多個(gè)Cause引起的，爸爸媽媽也可以讓小朋友試試下面這種圖表

給大家看一個(gè)其他小朋友完成的樣例：

當(dāng)然，這些都是比較淺顯的Cause and Effect的概念，到了四年級(jí)開(kāi)始，小朋友更多的就要訓(xùn)練在沒(méi)有key word的情況下辨別出Cause and Effect了。好了，有些這些基本工，帶著小朋友練練手吧

精 讀 時(shí) 間 － Pink and Say by Patricia Polacco

大家可以在公眾號(hào)的對(duì)話框回復(fù)"pink and say" 下載這個(gè)故事完整的PDF版，今天面條媽會(huì)帶大家讀1-4頁(yè)，在這幾頁(yè)里找找Cause和Effect的關(guān)系

這是一個(gè)發(fā)生在南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期的故事，爸爸媽媽可以先和孩子介紹一下故事的背景：

The Civil War is was a U.S. war between the Northern and Southern States, and it was one of the most violent and devastating events in U.S. history. President Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery, so 15 Southern states that practiced slavery decided to secede or break apart from the U.S. These 15 states called themselves the Confederate States of America. President Lincoln said that he would not accept secession and fought to keep those states in the Union. The soldiers fighting for the North were "Union" soldiers, and those fighting for the South were "Confederates."

這是一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事，由作者的祖輩代代口口相傳下來(lái)，我們來(lái)看看從1-4頁(yè)里，小朋友是否能梳理出這兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的因果關(guān)系

Cause：The boy has been shot in the leg.

Effect：He would slip in and out of consciousness.

Cause：The boy can't walk.

Effect：The second boy carries him.

后續(xù)的頁(yè)面面條媽就不逐一貼了，大家可以下載完整版PDF，和小朋友一起繼續(xù)討論，以下為由老師整理出來(lái)的因果關(guān)系表：

Cause

Effect

The boys are separated from their  companies.

They walk home to Moe Moe Bay.

Moe Moe Bay’s husband went to fight the  war and all the others ran off.

Moe Moe Bay has been staying by herself  waiting for Pinkus to return.

Pink and Say are putting Moe Moe Bay in  danger by being there.

Pink wants to return to the war.

Pink was a slave owned by Mr. Aylee.

Pink’s last name is Aylee because he was  a slave.

So many men died in the war.

Young boys like Say had to start  fighting.

Say is ashamed that he can’t read.

He tells Pink and Moe Moe Bay about  touching Abraham Lincoln’s hand.

Say is grateful to Pink for saving his  life.

He decides to go back to the war out ofrespect for Pink.

Marauders came to ransack the house.

They killed Moe Moe Bay.

除了找出這本書(shū)里的Cause and Effect外，粑粑麻麻還可以和小朋友繼續(xù)討論如下的問(wèn)題：

How old was Say when he got injured in the war? Could you imagine being a soldier in a war at that age?

Why was Pink’s mom so excited to see him?

Why is it so dangerous for Pink and Say to stay with Moe Moe Bay in her home?

Why did Pink and his father, Kaylo, have Master Aylee’s last name?

Pink and Say were both Union soldiers. How come Say was allowed to carry a gun but Pink wasn’t?

What was Pink fortunately able to learn as a slave?

What did Say do that was important?

Pink says, “This war has to be won or this sickness that has taken this land will never stop.” What is the “sickness” Pink is referring to?

Say gets upset when Pink says that he wants to return to fight in the war. Why is Say so upset? What is he holding back from Pink?

What did Pink want to do one last time before him and Say separated?

How does Patricia Polacco get readers to remember Pinkus Aylee?

前幾天參加學(xué)校的Information Session，老師特地和我們強(qiáng)調(diào)，三年級(jí)了，小朋友閱讀的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該從decoding轉(zhuǎn)到comprehension。Decoding僅僅是可以把句子流利的讀出來(lái)，而真的要做到理解還是需要家長(zhǎng)一起參與多多討論，所以我想上面的這些問(wèn)題應(yīng)該對(duì)小朋友進(jìn)一步理解這本書(shū)有幫助吧