西雅圖本土辯論課Trial Class精華采擷（下）

Framework包括 

1）“Value Criterion”是辯論立論的核心，價值觀不能有問題。

2）Definitions/interpretations：需要界定立論的具體“范圍”。

比如，“All the weapons should be abandoned.”這個論點中， weapon這個詞，到底怎么界定的呢？可能有人認(rèn)為是槍炮炸彈原子彈這些是weapons，但我可能理解為家里的刀具也可以是weapon啊??！

It's right to abandon cigarettes. 這里的“right”這個詞，如何界定的？？什么是“正確”？？可能是事實上的“正確”，也可能是“morally right”（道德上的正確）。

3）weighing mechanism：“稱重機制”（辯論評委的評分權(quán)重）

通常來說，有這些稱重機制：

a.正向價值觀的勝算大一些；

b.都是正向價值觀的時候，哪一方在正向價值觀上更有說服力，那一方為贏

c.如果一方的觀點被另一方納入論證范圍，則被納入的那一方會輸

以上為“餃子皮”（framework）的核心，接下來說說contentions 餡兒--辯論的內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)備，包括：

第一、claim主張。What you say is true (What are some claims you can make?)

第二、warrant（權(quán)證）: Evidence to prove it (How do we know that claim is true?)

第三、impact(影響）：Now that we know your claim is true, what does it mean? (what impact does your claim have？）

------------------------案例------------------------------------------

Cats are better than dogs. 這是論點。OR Dogs are better than cats. 

第一步，找value criterion 是什么呢？有孩子說，是human's health，有孩子說是 owners' interests. 老師所，owners' interests，這個比較好。老師接著問， Why should we care about the owners' interests? 有孩子The owners have to take care them. If we don't care about owners' interests, why should we keep pets? 

第二步，看看這個論點里有沒有需要define的地方？“better”這個詞可以具體界定一下，是relative to the owner. 

第三步，what's our weighing mechanism? who wins? the case that best promotes the owners' experience would win. 辯論雙方看誰更能證明cats/dogs 帶給主人的體驗更好，誰就可以贏。

上面的過程，是framework的過程。孩子們和老師一起討論contentions

Contention 1：

Claim:  Cats are quiet. 

Warrant: Dogs bark constantly; cats don't make sound usually.

Impact: Owner isn't being disrupted by pet noise. Can be at peace. 

Contention 2:

Claim: cats are clean. 

Warrant: Lick themselves frequently; Don't go outside much, don't get dirty. 

Impact: Don't require as much care to keep them clean. 

Contention 3:

Claim: Cats are independent.

Warrant: Cats will survive in the wild, dogs cannot survive in the city without owners . 

Impact: Hard to accidentally kill cat. They're handy, take care of themselves.